image: (a) The conventional OPV structure in this simulation work composing of the following multilayer structure: Indium thin oxide (ITO)/ Active layer/ Metal cathode. (b) Three different active layer morphological pictures, namely uniform mixing, binary phase separation, and multi-length-scale. Numerical simulation results of the devices performance metrics. (c) short-circuit current density (JSC, mA•cm-2), (d) fill factor (FF). (e) open-circuit voltage (VOC, V), and (f) power conversion efficiency (PCE, %), with interdigital and multi-scaled morphology by changing period width. view more
Credit: ©Science China Press
The active layer morphology of organic solar cells (OSCs) serves as the bridge that connects material properties with device performances, and thus the morphology is of critical importance in device fabrication. State-of-the-art power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs based on p-type donor polymers and n-type non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) forming multi-length-scale fibril interpenetrating networks are above 19% (Nature Materials, 2022, DOI:10.1038/s41563-022-01244-y). Such a morphology, composed of pure fibrillar phases and the mixing phase of donor and acceptor molecules, combines the advantages of individual materials to achieve a balanced optimization for carrier generation and transport.
Despite the success in achieving high PCEs, precisely control over the blended thin film morphology is still a difficult task. Meanwhile, the fibril-based morphology-performance relationship remains unclear. To address these difficulties, the authors introduce a generalized multi-length-scale morphology model, and compare with uniform mixing model and binary phase model for investigating the structure-property relationship of OSCs. Firstly, the authors change the period width of binary phase and multi-length-scale morphology. For binary morphology, with the increase of period width, the decreased exciton dissociation ratio (f ) results in the reduction of short circuit current (JSC); severe exciton-charge annihilation and minority carrier recombination hinders carrier transport and depresses filling factor (FF); both processes simultaneously reduce the open circuit voltage (VOC). Under the same period width, the multi-length-scale morphology model has a higher f compared with the binary phase morphology. The relative narrow pure phase width reduces exciton annihilation during the exciton diffusion process in the pure phase. However, the mixing phase with relatively low carrier mobility is detrimental to carrier transport. Reduced exciton loss and increased carrier recombination are in competition when introducing the mixing phase. Thus, an optimized morphology that balances the proportion of mixing phase and pure phase to maximize the product of carrier generation and transport processes is key to promote device performances.
The authors then investigate the morphology optimization of multi-length-scale model. When the pure phase width is small, large mixing phase size diminishes the effective carrier transport channel width, causing serious recombination loss during carrier transport and collection. Thus, the devices performance is poor in such a mixing phase dominated morphology situation. With the appropriate increase of pure phase width, the exciton dissociation ratio does not decrease significantly, with efficient exciton diffusion maintained. Moreover, the serious carrier recombination in the mixing phase is significantly mitigated, contributing to improved JSC and FF. The VOC is also enhanced, which is attributed to improved carrier generation and suppressed carrier recombination. When the pure phase width increases further, the exciton dissociation ratio decreases significantly to reduce carrier generation efficiency. Moreover, it aggravates exciton annihilation and minority carrier recombination process, which leads to the deterioration of JSC, FF, VOC and PCE.
To further confirm the simulation results, three representative OPV blends, PM6:Y6, PM6:IT4F, and PCE10:PCBM are used to carry out two set of experiments for changing period width and pure phase width, respectively. The detailed structure information is extracted by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS). It is difficult to precisely control period and fibril width, so approximately, the period width is tuned by changing D/A ratio, while the proportion of fibril and mixing phase width is adjusted by changing the solvent additive amount. All of experiment results are consistent with simulation results.
In conclusion, this work constructs three morphology models to systematically investigate structure-performance correlation, clearly visualizes the influence of structure details on devices performance parameters, clarifies both importance of crystalline phase and mixing phase, and points out the optimization direction of multi-length-scale morphology.
See the article:
The Structure-Performance Correlation of Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells with Multi-Length-Scale Morphology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-022-1268-6
Journal
Science China Chemistry