image: (1) Degradation of mitochondria matrix, inner membrane and intermembrane oxidised or misfolded protein by mitochondrial proteases. (2) Ubiquitinated outer mitochondrial membrane proteins are extracted and degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. (3) A portion of mitochondria budding off as mitochondria-derived vesicles and fuse with lysosomes for degradation. (4) Depolarised mitochondria undergo morphological remodelling to squeeze their matrix to form donut-shaped mitochondrial spheroids and acquire lysosomal contents for possible degradation. (5) Canonical autophagosomes envelop mitochondria for lysosomal degradation via PINK1-PARKIN dependent or independent manner. (6) Lysosomes directly take up mitochondria by the lysosomal membrane invagination. (7) Endosome/pre-lysosome directly ‘hit and run’ with mitochondria or MDV to form mitochondria-lysosome-related organelle (MLRO). (8) Mitochondria are secreted from cells by migrasomes or autophagic secretion of mitochondria. Figure 1 was Generated using BioRender. MAD, mitochondrial-associated degradation; MDV, mitochondria-derived vesicle.
Credit: By Xiaowen Ma, Hong-Min Ni and Wen-Xing Ding
Scientists have identified a new organelle in liver cells called the mitochondria-lysosome-related organelle (MLRO). This discovery could improve our understanding of chronic liver diseases like alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).
Mitochondria are essential components of cells, often called the "powerhouses" because they generate energy. They also play a crucial role in metabolism, calcium signalling, and cell survival. When mitochondria malfunction, it's linked to various liver diseases.
Cells have intricate mechanisms to maintain healthy mitochondria. One way is to get rid of damaged parts through a process called mitophagy. However, researchers have now found a new pathway involving MLRO.
MLRO is a unique organelle formed by the fusion of a mitochondrion and a lysosome, a cellular "garbage disposal" unit. This hybrid organelle appears to be an alternative way to break down damaged parts of mitochondria, potentially offering a more efficient process than traditional mitophagy.
The study suggests that MLRO formation might be linked to a process called dedifferentiation, where liver cells lose their specialized functions. This dedifferentiation is a hallmark of late-stage chronic liver diseases.
Understanding how MLRO functions could lead to new therapeutic strategies for chronic liver diseases. By regulating MLRO formation, scientists might be able to promote healthy liver cell function and potentially slow disease progression.
While this discovery is exciting, many questions remain unanswered. Researchers are still investigating the exact mechanisms of MLRO formation and its role in liver health and disease.
See the article:
Ma X, Ni H-M, Ding W-X. Perspectives of mitochondria-lysosome-related organelle in hepatocyte dedifferentiation and implications in chronic liver disease. eGastroenterology 2024;2:e100046. doi:10.1136/egastro-2023-100046
About eGastroenterology
eGastroenterology is a new, open-access, and open peer-reviewed BMJ Journal, which focuses on basic, clinical, translational, and evidence-based medicine research in all areas of gastroenterology (including hepatology, pancreatology, esophagology, and gastrointestinal surgery).
For more information, please visit: egastroenterology.bmj.com and follow us on Twitter (@eGastro_BMJ).
Sign-up to Email Alerts for eGastroenterology: https://emails.bmj.com/k/Bmj/jausu/egastroenterology
Article Title
Perspectives of mitochondria-lysosome-related organelle in hepatocyte dedifferentiation and implications in chronic liver disease