Multiple pathways regulating mitochondrial quality control and turnover. (IMAGE)
Caption
(1) Degradation of mitochondria matrix, inner membrane and intermembrane oxidised or misfolded protein by mitochondrial proteases. (2) Ubiquitinated outer mitochondrial membrane proteins are extracted and degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. (3) A portion of mitochondria budding off as mitochondria-derived vesicles and fuse with lysosomes for degradation. (4) Depolarised mitochondria undergo morphological remodelling to squeeze their matrix to form donut-shaped mitochondrial spheroids and acquire lysosomal contents for possible degradation. (5) Canonical autophagosomes envelop mitochondria for lysosomal degradation via PINK1-PARKIN dependent or independent manner. (6) Lysosomes directly take up mitochondria by the lysosomal membrane invagination. (7) Endosome/pre-lysosome directly ‘hit and run’ with mitochondria or MDV to form mitochondria-lysosome-related organelle (MLRO). (8) Mitochondria are secreted from cells by migrasomes or autophagic secretion of mitochondria. Figure 1 was Generated using BioRender. MAD, mitochondrial-associated degradation; MDV, mitochondria-derived vesicle.
Credit
By Xiaowen Ma, Hong-Min Ni and Wen-Xing Ding
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Credit must be given to the creator. Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted.
License
CC BY-NC