Scientists probe the source of key hydrocarbons on Earth—and in space
A molecule found in combustion on Earth and surrounding some stars can lead to the formation of an important organic hydrocarbon.
image: The formation of naphthalene – the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon – from two resonantly stabilized free radicals, propargyl and benzyl. view more
Credit: Image courtesy of Ralf I. Kaiser, University of Hawai'i at Manoa
The Science
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of organic molecule that carry fused rings made of the chemical benzene. Scientists believe that PAHs are responsible for chemical processes that eventually lead to soot and other carbonaceous nanoparticles on Earth and around and between the stars in deep space. On Earth, PAHs form in part because of the incomplete combustion of coal, oil, and other substances and are detrimental to human health. Across the Universe, PAHs account for as much as 30% of all carbon, whether around stars, interstellar clouds, or planets. However, scientists do not fully understand the role of reactions involving two free radicals in how PAHs form in extreme environments. Free radicals are molecules with an unpaired electron, which is delocalized over at least three atoms. In this study, researchers conducted experiments to uncover how the prototype PAH – naphthalene - can form from reactions that take place in the gas phase of matter.
The Impact
The results provide fundamental knowledge on the processes that can form the simplest representative of PAHs naphthalene – a key ingredient in mothballs. The researchers found that this reaction can occur in the gas phase via the reaction of radicals that are found in combustion flames and in the space around carbon-rich stars. This provides new foundational knowledge of the chemistry and carbon balance of our galaxy.
Summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their descendant soot particles represent unwanted byproducts in combustion processes of fossil fuel, but scientists do not have a complete understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of their formation. An isomer selective product detection reveals that the reaction of the resonantly stabilized benzyl (C7H7) and the propargyl (C3H3) radicals synthesizes the simplest representative of PAHs – the 10p Hückel aromatic naphthalene (C10H8) molecule.
The gas-phase preparation of naphthalene affords a radical new concept of the reaction of combustion relevant propargyl radicals with aromatic radicals carrying the radical center at the methylene moiety (aromatic-CH2•), which have been previously overlooked as a source of aromatics in high temperature environments. This facile Propargyl Addition – BenzAnnulation (PABA) mechanism of propargyl radicals with other aromatic-CH2• radicals beyond benzyl could lead to higher order PAHs like anthracene and phenanthrene. This finding is a fundamental shift in the perception that PAHs are predominantly formed via the Hydrogen-Abstraction – Acetylene Addition (HACA) and Phenyl Addition DehydroCyclization (PAC) pathways in high temperature combustion settings. This PABA mechanism offers versatile and diverse routes to three key classes of aromatic hydrocarbons: acenes (PAHs consisting of linearly fused benzene rings), phenacenes (PAHs carrying zig-zag structured benzene rings), and helicenes (ortho-condensed PAHs in which benzene rings are angularly annulated yielding helically shaped chiral molecules), thus bringing scientists closer to an understanding of the aromatic universe we live in.
Funding
This work was supported by the Department of Energy Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences program, the University of Hawai’i, Florida International University, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory including the Advanced Light Source DOE user facility.