The working mechanism of liquid capture–release by CPFs. (IMAGE)
Caption
a, Structural diagram of the releaser. a and r are the side length and rod radius of the PFs, respectively, and d is the diameter of the circumscribed sphere of the PFs. b, The release process of releasers. During this process, a liquid film is formed between the double-rod connection. Scale bar, 1 mm. c, When the releasers are slowly lifted from the liquid, the liquid height (h) in the CPFs varies periodically with time between a maximum (hmax) and minimum (hmin). d, The h reaches its maximum when the curvature radius of the rising meniscus in the frame becomes minimum (Rmin). e, Three-dimensional schematic diagram of Rmin and the critical state of liquid rupture when two adjacent menisci with Rmin contact. f,g, The key factors that affect the value of Rmin for releasers with different geometries include the radius of the inscribed circle of the polygonal faces (X), the dihedral angle of the polyhedral frame (α), the contact angle of liquid on the frame surface (θ), the polyhedral side length (a) and the frame rod radius (r). h, Experimentally measured and theoretically calculated hmaxa of releasers with different geometry and size parameter ra (data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 replicates). i, By adjusting the ratio of hmax over d, the number of liquid-filled PFs above the bulk liquid can be controlled. j, Three stages of the release process, the height-dominated release (stage I), free fall release (stage II) and film release (stage III). The water is dyed blue to facilitate visualization. In i and j, the scale bars are 2 mm.
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