The year 2024 is on-track to be the hottest on record, and with it came some of the most challenging extreme weather conditions the modern world has witnessed.

A new study published in Advances in Atmospheric Sciences has found that ocean warming in 2024 has led to new record high temperatures. The ocean is the hottest it has ever been recorded by humans, not only at the surface temperature but also for the upper 2000 meters.

New research published in the journal Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters reports significant progress in studying the relationship between meteorological conditions and atmospheric fine-particle (PM_2.5) concentrations. In this new study, meteorological fields were obtained using two sets of data to analyze the differences in the simulated PM_2.5 concentration. Results showed that the meteorological field had a strong influence on the concentration levels and spatial distribution of the simulated pollution. Also, one of the data sources resulted in relatively smaller simulation errors, allowing more accurate modeling of PM_2.5 concentrations.