ROCKVILLE, Md.—For the first time, researchers have discovered that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain—a key structure involved in motivation and reward appreciation has altered connectivity patterns with specific brain regions in patients with obesity. Individuals with obesity have hyper-connectivity of the VTA with part of the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (visual processing for food images) and hypo-connectivity with the left inferior frontal gyrus (associated with cognitive control), according to a new study in Obesity, The Obesity Society’s (TOS) flagship journal.
Researchers have also clarified that these functional anatomical pathways are specifically involved in food craving and cognition. However, the pathways are not related to impulsivity or hunger. The findings reveal that food-related visual stimuli may become cravingly salient through an imbalanced connectivity of the reward system with sensory specific visual regions and the prefrontal cortex involved in cognitive control.
“Our study is relevant for basic scientists, clinicians, and for patients, alike,” said Francantonio Devoto, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. Devoto is the corresponding author of the study. “We provide novel insights into the brain mechanisms underlying excessive motivation towards food in obesity, a feeling that every person who is overweight or living with obesity has felt when tempted by food images. Based on these findings and once validated by clinical trials, patients may appreciate that there soon might be more strategies becoming available for their treatment.”
Obesity is characterized by altered connectivity of the mesocorticolimbic and of the prefrontal cognitive control network. Most studies to date have focused on the main efferents and afferents of the VTA projections, including the hypothalamus, amygdala and ventral striatum, rather than on the VTA itself. This leaves the possibility that the observed differences do not strictly pertain to neuroadaptations occurring at the roots of the mesocorticolimbic circuit, according to experts.
In the current research, the study’s authors characterized resting-state functional connectivity of the VTA in 23 healthy-weight adults compared to the same number of adults with obesity to investigate whether obesity is associated with altered mesocorticolimbic activity. The two groups were matched for age, gender and education.
Both groups of individuals underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan and an assessment for impulsivity, food craving, appetite and implicit bias for food and non-food stimuli. The VTA was used as a seed to map for each participant the strength of its functional connections with the rest of the brain. The between group difference in functional connectivity was then computed and brain-behavior correlations were performed.
Results revealed VTA-ventral occipitotemporal cortex connectivity was positively associated with food craving and food-related bias towards high-calorie foods, and not associated with bias towards non-food stimuli. The reverse correlation was observed for VTA-inferior frontal gyrus connectivity and food craving.
The study’s authors explained that the findings provide two insights: tighter VTA-ventral occipitotemporal cortex connectivity may reflect stronger cue-reward associations in obesity, which favors food craving via the automatic activation of the rewarding properties of food and second, weaker coupling of the VTA with the lateral prefrontal cortex may contribute to faulty cognitive control over food craving and behavior due to inefficient down regulation of the midbrain via the prefrontal cortex.
“Our results pave the way to novel interventions to treat obesity, providing a proof of concept that non-invasive brain neurostimulation techniques may be used to modulate midbrain activity and connectivity via the lateral prefrontal cortex,” the study’s authors write in the report.
“Over the past decade, several imaging studies in children and adults demonstrated that subjects with obesity have enhanced brain activation in sites involved in reward/incentive salience. On the other hand, a recent meta-analysis (Morys et al.) suggests that there is little evidence for such an effect. The current study by Devoto et al. is the first to demonstrate food-related visual stimuli in subjects with obesity were “cravingly salient” due to hyper-connectivity of the VTA with areas of the brain involved in visual stimuli. They found decreased connectivity with brain sites involved in cognitive control. The authors suggest such findings could help treat obesity via noninvasive brain stimulation. It would be of interest to evaluate whether subjects being treated with GLP-1 medications have brain activity similar to patients without obesity,” said Professor Emeritus of Food Science and Nutrition Allen S. Levine, PhD, of the University of Minnesota. Levine was not associated with the research.
Other authors of the study include Eraldo Paulesu, Laura Zapparoli and Giuseppe Banfi, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Anna Ferrulli and Livio Luzi, Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy and Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Zapparoli and Paulesu are also with the Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. Banfi is also associated with the University Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
The study, titled “How Images of Food Become Cravingly Salient in Obesity,” is online and will be published in the print issue of Obesity in September 2023.
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The Obesity Society (TOS) is the leading organization of scientists and health professionals devoted to understanding and reversing the epidemic of obesity and its adverse health, economic and societal effects. Combining the perspective of researchers, clinicians, policymakers and patients, TOS promotes innovative research, education and evidence-based clinical care to improve the health and well-being of all people with obesity. For more information, visit www.obesity.org.
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