For two backyard bird species, more light pollution is linked to lower survival

Light pollution at night is known to be a deadly hazard for migratory birds, disorienting them and increasing collisions with buildings. Now a new study led by North Carolina State University researchers also finds artificial light at night also links with lower survival for two backyard bird species living year-round around Washington D.C.

The study, which drew on 20 years of data collected by researchers and citizen scientists through a program run by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, found lower survival for the gray catbird and house wren with more light pollution at night. Researchers also found survival for the American robin increased with artificial light. Researchers say the findings point to factors that that could be important to understanding whether backyard birds will thrive around cities as urbanization expands, and deserve further investigation.

“This study focused on more generalist bird species that are more abundant in metropolitan areas than others,” said the study’s lead author Lauren Pharr, a graduate student in NC State’s Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology program. “These findings are raising awareness about our use of light, and suggest there may be things we can do to help backyard birds that live around us. When it comes to light pollution specifically, there may be things we can do as humans to increase bird survival and help them thrive.”

In the study, researchers drew on data from a citizen-science study called the Neighborhood Nestwatch Program, run by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center from 2000 to 2020. In the study, biologists used nets to catch birds at 242 sites, mostly in the backyards of private homes across urban and rural areas of the greater Washington D.C. area. They tagged the birds with uniquely identifiable color bracelets. Then, volunteers looked for the color-banded birds in their neighborhoods throughout the year. Researchers focused on seven species of songbirds that are some of the most common birds in the study area: the American robin, Carolina chickadee, Carolina wren, gray catbird, house wren, northern cardinal and the song sparrow.

“When it comes to urbanization, all of these birds species can persist, so far,” Pharr said.

To understand factors linked to the birds’ survival, researchers from NC State combined the data gathered in the citizen-science study with maps of light pollution, noise pollution and paved surface area. They didn’t find links between noise pollution and survival, but they found significant associations for light for the gray catbird, house wren and robin.

“This is an important finding; it adds to our understanding that light pollution could have sub-lethal effects on birds,” said study co-author Caren Cooper, professor of public science at NC State. “There is an effort in bird conservation to keep common birds common. We’re lucky we have backyard birds, and we want to keep it that way. If there are things we can understand about the environment that could be affecting their survival, the sooner we can understand that, the better.”

For the American robin, researchers already know that robins will start singing earlier in the morning in areas with more light pollution, potentially increasing the amount of time they have for finding mates or foraging.

And although the study focused on birds that live year-round in Washington D.C., both the gray catbird and house wren sometimes migrate to states a little further south, though not into Central or South America like so-called long-distance migrants. Researchers said it’s possible that some of these species’ migration-related behaviors could make them more vulnerable to light pollution at night.

“There have been other studies that have reported that robins use light to their advantage to forage and find food,” Pharr said. “As far as gray catbirds, some evidence has found they are vulnerable to collisions.”

 “There are so many factors that affect a bird’s survival in an urban setting, and they’re all intertwined, affecting predation, physiological harms, and the ability to find prey,” Cooper said. “Detecting patterns in avian survival rates that vary with artificial light at night is important, and we need more detailed follow-up studies about why that might be happening.”

The findings also demonstrate the power of citizen science.

“This was my ‘wow’ moment – that we can get all of these people to help us with research and make big impacts,” Pharr said. “Citizen science is a wonderful and valuable tool, not only to help scientists get data for their projects, and get more eyes, ears and hands on them. The participants also get a chance to understand what we’re doing, why it’s important and to learn alongside scientists.”

The study, “Using citizen science data to investigate annual survival rates of resident birds in relation to noise and light pollution” was published July 27 in Urban Ecosystems. Co-authors included Brian Evans, Christopher E. Moorman, Margaret A. Voss, Jelena Vukomanovic and Peter Marra. The study was funded by the Alongside Wildlife Foundation and North Carolina Wildlife Federation.  

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Note to Editors: The study abstract follows.

Using citizen science data to investigate annual survival rates of resident birds in relation to noise and light pollution

Authors: Lauren D. Pharr, Caren B. Cooper, Brian Evans, Christopher E. Moorman, Margaret A. Voss, Jelena Vukomanovic and Peter Marra

Published: July 27, 2023, Urban Ecosystems

DOI: 10.1007/s11252-023-01403-2

Abstract:  Exponential increases in anthropogenic noise and light pollution have accompanied growth of the built environment. Noise and light cause negative consequences for birds, such as disrupted navigation during migration, mortality from collisions with windows and other infrastructure, and reduced reproductive success, as well as some positive consequences, such as expanded night niches for behaviors associated with feeding, territoriality, and mating. Relatively less is known about noise and light effects on annual survival of non-migratory birds, so we conducted an exploratory study to examine variation in adult survival rates of seven avian species in relation to noise and light pollution. We used 20 years of band-resight data collected as a part of the Neighborhood Nestwatch Program (NN), a citizen science project run by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, at 242 sites in greater Washington, D.C. USA. We estimated apparent survival and documented species-specific relationships with light and noise. Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) and House Wren (Thryothorus aedon) survival decreased and American Robin (Turdus migratorius) survival increased with greater amounts of anthropogenic light. Anthropogenic noise had no relationship with apparent survival for any of the seven species. Life-history trade-offs between survival and reproduction may account for differences in species-specific effects of light pollution. Future research should examine the availability of other fine scale environmental conditions, such as tree canopy cover, that might buffer avian exposure to noise and light pollution.