Microplastics and triphenyltin amplify toxicity via the gut-brain axis

Regulating environmental pollution around the world still largely relies upon risk assessments of “single pollutants,” ignoring combined toxicities and interactions of groups of substances. However, in the real world, “co-exposure” is the norm as pollutants seldom present individually but rather as complex mixtures with other pollutants.

In a recent study published in Environmental Science and Ecotechnology titled, “Combined effect of microplastic and triphenyltin: insights from the gut-brain axis,” researchers from Shandong University, China, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences examined the combined toxicity of these common pollutants on the gut-brain axis using the “common carp” as a model organism. Their study provides a theoretical basis for evaluating the “coexistence risk” of such pollutants.   

The interplay of environmental pollutants

Microplastics — variously shaped plastic particles of sizes smaller than 5 millimetres — have been found in water sources around the globe, including polar ice and deep ocean basins. They represent a global pollution problem inversely proportional to their size. Triphenyltin (TPT) – an organotin compound widely used in manufacturing and industry – is being found in high levels in coastal waters.

Sewage sludges and wastewaters bring high concentrations of microplastics in contact with other environmental pollutants, such as TPT. In such biochemical slurries, microplastics  provide large surface areas for adsorption or attachment, becoming carriers for other chemicals and substances. Even the most effective wastewater treatment processes don’t remove microplastics completely. When released into the environment, carrier microplastics mimic the appearance of some natural food items of aquatic species, get ingested, and then deliver adsorbed pollutants directly to their digestive tracts.

Acting alone, microplastics can imbalance intestinal flora, change the structure of intestinal villi, and alter the gut mucosa. They also accumulate in brain tissues, damaging the blood-brain barrier. Since dietary accumulation is an important pathway, the researchers examined how this toxicity manifests upon the “gut-brain axis” – an intricate “information exchange system between the brain and gut, consisting of the neuroendocrine, vagal, and immune pathways.”

The study design

The authors conducted exposure experiments with juvenile common carp — a widely cultured freshwater fish — using realistic environmental concentrations of both pollutants, microplastics and TPT. One group was exposed to each pollutant singly, while a third group was exposed to a combination of both pollutants. The experiments lasted 42 days, and the fish were sampled at regular intervals to evaluate combined toxicity effects on “gut physiology, biochemical parameters, gut microbial 16S rRNA, and brain transcriptome sequencing.”

Results

The study detected that the pollutants both when acting singly, and in combination,

had toxic manifestations for the carp’s gut-brain axis, but with important differences. When acting alone, microplastics mainly suppressed immunity, while TPT interfered with lipid metabolism. However, when combined, TPT amplified the immunotoxicity of microplastics.

Histopathological examination showed that exposure to both microplastics and TPT increased the area and density of gut glycoproteins, an immunomodulatory component of intestinal mucus secreted by goblet cells, when compared to controls and single pollutants. The authors explain this as, “the gut having protected itself against foreign microplastics and TPT by stimulating glycoprotein secretion to improve the functioning of the intestinal barrier.”

Further biochemical assessments and genetic sequencing of the carp’s gut microflora and brain tissues provided further evidence of amplified toxicity under co-exposure. 16s-rDNA sequencing of the gut microbiome coupled with Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed an increased complexity of the bacterial network under co-exposure, with a reduced abundance of genera important for proper immune functioning. This could contribute to increased glycoprotein levels as compensatory mechanism to maintain immune functioning.

Examining the carp’s brain with transcriptome analysis to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs), they found that microplastics acting alone mainly decreased some DEGs related to immune functioning, while TPT combined with microplastics reduced the expression levels of the same genes related to immunity significantly more. TPT alone increased lipid metabolism DEGs levels. This finding led them to conclude that, “the combination of microplastics and TPT amplifies the immunotoxicity of microplastics acting alone.”

A correlation analysis of gut parameters with carp brain metabolism genes for both immunity and lipid metabolism pathways further showed that the abundance of bacteria in the intestine of carp was significantly correlated with expression levels of DEGs in the carp brain related to immunity, while little correlation was present with lipid metabolism genes, providing a consistent story on how TPT amplifies the toxicity of microplastics on the carp’s immune system via the gut-brain communication channel.

Conclusion and Next Steps

These findings underscore the complex interplay between pollutants and environmental health.

As the authors note, “This study provides new insights from the perspective of the gut-brain axis and finds that immune-related DEGs are significantly associated with gut-dominant microbes and immune parameters, but the (underlying) mechanisms require further investigation.”

Continued research in this area will contribute to our understanding of the environmental and health implications of combined exposure to common pollutants and support the development of strategies to mitigate their adverse effects on ecosystems and human well-being.