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Credit: © NII & JOS
The Japanese Ophthalmological Society (President: OSHIKA Tetsuro, Tokyo, Japan) and the National Institute of Informatics (NII, Director-General: KITSUREGAWA Masaru, Tokyo, Japan) have developed and public-released an AI model to estimate an individual's age from fundus images, using data collected by the Japan Ocular Imaging Registry (JOIR), a national ophthalmological database established with support from the Japanese Agency for Medical and Health Sciences (AMED). We expect that researchers will apply this AI model in the future research, which will lead to the development of new biomarkers related to the susceptibility to eye diseases.
Background
Deep learning has emerged as a significant breakthrough in machine learning and is widely used in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in image recognition. Numerous reports suggest that the accuracy of image recognition has surpassed that of humans.
In 2017, the National Institute of Informatics (NII) established the Research Center for Medical Bigdata to develop medical assistance AI and created a database of medical image big data. NII also developed and operates an integrated cloud environment (cloud infrastructure) to conduct research and development on medical support AI. In 2019, the Japan Ophthalmological Society established the General Incorporated Association Japan Ocular Imaging Registry (JOI Registry or JOIR) to collect various ophthalmic data from ophthalmology-related facilities nationwide, aiming to promote and support research and development of medical assistance AI. The collected ophthalmic images in the JOIR database are anonymized and sent to NII's cloud infrastructure to develop medical support AI using available computing resources on the cloud infrastructure.
Age has a significant impact on the onset of various diseases such as cancer, lifestyle diseases, and dementia. Recently, AI development using medical images has advanced rapidly, and it has become evident that AI can estimate the condition of an individual based on medical images. For instance, AI can predict a person's age, gender, smoking status, and blood glucose status from a retinal image. The information obtained from these images has the potential to be used not only for ophthalmology but also for medical research on various systemic diseases. However, AI developed in previous reports has not been made public, which limits its use in other research.
To address this issue, the Japan Ophthalmological Society collaborated with NII to develop an AI model that estimates a person's age based on fundus images, and this model is now publicly available free of charge for researchers to use.
Overview of the Research and Development
The developed model used 8,149 retinal photographs of healthy individuals between the ages of 18 and 84 as training data for deep learning, with the biological age serving as the ground truth. The average absolute error between the estimated age and the biological age was 2.39 years. The "Retinal Age Estimation Model" created in this study has been made available free of charge to researchers in the fields of medicine and informatics, as it was evaluated to have a certain degree of correlation with the biological age.
Classical epidemiological studies have demonstrated, without using AI, that the information obtained from retinal images can be used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive disorders. The medical value of the age estimated from retinal images is currently unclear, but it is believed that this achievement could become a new biomarker related to the likelihood of developing diseases if researchers utilize it for disease control and epidemiological studies.
Public Release of the Model
The model can be downloaded from JOIR's webpage at the following URL:
http://www.joir.jp/data/index.html
Funding and Support
This study received support from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) Clinical Research and ICT Infrastructure Development and Artificial Intelligence Implementation Research Project, "Establishment of Infrastructure for Image and Data Databases using ICT/Artificial Intelligence to achieve Next-Generation Ophthalmology" (Project Number: JP17lk1010024, Principal Investigator: OSHIKA Tetsuro), as well as "Research on Cloud Infrastructure and AI Image Analysis to Promote the Use of Medical Big Data" (Project Numbers: JP18lk1010028 and JP19lk1010036, Principal Investigator: AIDA Kento).
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About the National Institute of Informatics (NII)
NII is Japan's only academic research institute dedicated to the new discipline of informatics. Its mission is to "create future value" in informatics. NII conducts both long-term basic research and practical research aimed at solving social problems in a wide range of informatics research fields, from fundamental theories to the latest topics, such as artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things, and information security.
As an inter-university research institute, NII builds and operates academic information infrastructure essential for the research and educational activities of the entire academic community (including the Science Information Network) as well as developing services such as those that enable the provision of academic content and service platforms. https://www.nii.ac.jp/en/
About the Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS)
ROIS is a parent organization of four national institutes (National Institute of Polar Research, National Institute of Informatics, the Institute of Statistical Mathematics and National Institute of Genetics) and the Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research. It is ROIS's mission to promote integrated, cutting-edge research that goes beyond the barriers of these institutions, in addition to facilitating their research activities, as members of inter-university research institutes.