image: Researchers from Chung-Ang University, Korea have fabricated a flexible paper-based high energy storage device that can be used in both parallel and serial single supercapacitor (SC) configurations without modifying external wires and circuits. The equivalent circuits and corresponding electrochemical performance data are shown on the bottom right. view more
Credit: Dr. Inho Nam and Prof. Suk Tai Chang from Chung-Ang University, Korea
Wearable devices such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and virtual reality headsets are becoming commonplace. They are powered by flexible electronics that consist of electrodes with plastic or metal foil as substrates. However, both of these come with their own drawbacks. Plastics suffer from poor adhesion and low durability, while metal foils make the devices bulky and less flexible. In light of this, paper is a promising alternative. It is porous, light, thin, foldable, and flexible. Moreover, paper has randomly distributed fibers that provide a large surface area for depositing active electrode material, making for excellent electrochemical properties.
Accordingly, researchers have developed various paper-based supercapacitors, devices that store electric charge and energy, by stacking multiple sheets, acting as positive and negative electrodes and separators. However, such an arrangement increases device size and resistance. In addition, they tend to form creases, peel off, and slip over each other, which further deteriorate device performance.
To address these issues, a group of researchers from Chung-Ang University, led by Professor Suk Tai Chang and Associate Professor Inho Nam, recently fabricated a structure comprising multi-layer electrodes vertically integrated within a single sheet of paper. The novel design overcomes the problems associated with stacked sheets while retaining the inherent advantages of a paper-based substrate. Their work was made available online on 2 November 2022 and published in Volume 454, Part 2 of the Chemical Engineering Journal on 15 February 2023.
Dr. Nam briefly describes the fabrication process: “First, a water-repellent paraffin wax layer was printed and heated on both sides of a filter paper. This formed a water-friendly channel surrounded by a wax barrier within the paper. Following this, the paper was successively dipped in gold nanoparticle and gold enhancement solutions, which penetrated the channel via capillary action, resulting in a gold electrode in the middle of the paper. Similar electrodes were then fabricated on top and bottom surfaces of the paper to obtain a multi-layer electrode platform.”
The researchers completed the supercapacitor design by depositing manganese dioxide – an active electrode material – on the gold-paper electrode, which was then immersed in a polyvinyl alcohol–sodium sulfate gel electrolyte solution. After the gel had solidified, they characterized the manganese dioxide-gold-paper electrodes using various electrochemical measurement techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge and discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
To their delight, the supercapacitor design showed a low electrical resistance, high foldability, and good mechanical strength. Manganese dioxide enhanced its active surface area, which further boosted the electrochemical performance. Additionally, the supercapacitor demonstrated high energy storage with maximum areal energy and power densities of 13.73 μW-hr-cm-2 and 1.6 mW-cm-2, respectively. Moreover, it retained its storage capacity even after undergoing 6000 charge-discharge cycles.
In effect, the multi-layer electrode supercapacitor platform is a super-dense energy storage device that utilizes the two-dimensional paper surface as a three-dimensional scaffold. Further, it can be used in parallel as well as serial integrated circuit configurations without modifying external wires and circuits. “Our proposed platform circumvents most fabrication challenges related to two-dimensional energy storage sheets. We believe that the findings of our study will guide the future fabrication of paper-based electronics with more multi-layered electrodes,” says Prof. Chang.
Indeed, the technology puts a whole new spin to the phrase “successful on paper”!
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Reference
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140117
Authors: Yeon Woo Kim1, In Hyeok Oh1, Seyoung Choi1, Inho Nam1,2,3, Suk Tai Chang1
Affiliations:
1School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University
2Department of Intelligent Energy Industry, Chung-Ang University
3Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chung-Ang University
About Chung-Ang University
Chung-Ang University is a private comprehensive research university located in Seoul, South Korea. It was started as a kindergarten in 1916 and attained university status in 1953. It is fully accredited by the Ministry of Education of Korea. Chung-Ang University conducts research activities under the slogan of “Justice and Truth.” Its new vision for completing 100 years is “The Global Creative Leader.” Chung-Ang University offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs, which encompass a law school, management program, and medical school; it has 16 undergraduate and graduate schools each. Chung-Ang University’s culture and arts programs are considered the best in Korea.
Website: https://neweng.cau.ac.kr/index.do
About Professor Inho Nam
Inho Nam is an associate professor at the School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at Chung-Ang University in Korea since March 2019. He received a B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from Yonsei University, Korea in 2010 and a Ph.D. degree from the School of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Seoul National University, Korea in 2016. Following a Postdoctoral Fellowship at Stanford University in USA, he worked as a faculty member at Seoul Women’s University from 2018 to 2019. His current research revolves around the experimental and computational design of nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion.
CAU Scholar's Space: https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/cau/researcher-profile?ep=1007
About Professor Suk Tai Chang
Suk Tai Chang is a professor at the School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at Chung-Ang University, Korea. He received his Ph.D. degree in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering from North Carolina State University, USA, whereupon he worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow at Sandia National Laboratories, USA. His research interests include thin film deposition and micropatterning, microfluidic synthesis of microfibers and microcapsules, and wearable physical sensors. His research group is currently developing paper-based energy storage devices and foldable energy harvesting systems.
CAU Scholar's Space: https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/cau/researcher-profile?ep=759
Journal
Chemical Engineering Journal
Method of Research
Experimental study
Subject of Research
Not applicable
Article Title
Vertical integration of multi-electrodes inside a single sheet of paper and the control of the equivalent circuit for high-density flexible supercapacitors
Article Publication Date
15-Feb-2023
COI Statement
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.