Medical College of Wisconsin scientists find new marker that predicts early recurrence of breast cancer

Milwaukee, JANUARY 24, 2023 – A multi-institutional team led by scientists from the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) Cancer Center has discovered PD-L2 as a therapy-relevant marker to identify patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer who may benefit from new immunotherapies.

Hallgeir Rui, MD, PhD, Wisconsin Breast Cancer Showhouse Endowed Professor of Breast Cancer Research at MCW, led a team of clinical investigators to study the immune checkpoint protein PD-L2 in breast cancer. While most efforts have focused on the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1, the alternative PD-1 ligand, PD-L2, has been largely overlooked. In the study, high PD-L2 protein levels in cancer cells were detected in one-third of therapy-naïve estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors and were validated as an independent predictor of early breast cancer recurrence after adjustment for common clinicopathological variables. PD-L2 is a therapy-relevant marker and may help identify patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer who are at elevated risk of progression and who may benefit from promising new immunotherapies, so-called PD-1 inhibitors.

“We recently discovered that a protein called PD-L2 is often expressed on breast cancer cells and that patients with such PD-L2-positive breast tumors have much less favorable prognosis than others. This is because PD-L2 blocks the tumor-killing activity of T-lymphocytes and allows cancer cells to fend off the body’s immune cells,” said Dr. Rui.

Prior to this work, attention was focused on a similar protein called PD-L1. However, “measuring PD-L1 alone in breast cancer has failed to effectively identify patients who are likely to benefit from PD-1 inhibitors. It’s our hypothesis that measuring PD-L2 in addition to PD-L1 will improve our ability to predict which breast cancer patients will benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors.”

These observations have motivated the group to activate a Phase II clinical trial led by MCW Cancer Center’s Lubna Chaudhary, MD, that is actively accruing patients at MCW and Froedtert Hospital, to provide insight into whether a combined analysis of both PD-L1 and PD-L2 in breast cancer will improve prediction of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Dr. Rui and the team are actively pursuing external funding for the continuation of this work.

Key aspects of the study were presented by Dr. Chaudhary at the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium and are now published in JCO Precision Medicine.

In addition to MCW Cancer Center, major contributors to this work included investigators at the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, and the Chan Soon-Shiong Institute of Molecular Medicine at Windber, Windber, PA. Major support was provided by a Promise grant from Susan G. Komen for the Cure, with additional support from multiple funding agencies, including the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society.

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About the Medical College of Wisconsin

With a history dating back to 1893, The Medical College of Wisconsin is dedicated to leadership and excellence in education, patient care, research, and community engagement. More than 1,500 students are enrolled in MCW’s medical school and graduate school programs in Milwaukee, Green Bay, and Central Wisconsin. MCW’s School of Pharmacy opened in 2017. A major national research center, MCW is the largest research institution in the Milwaukee metro area and second largest in Wisconsin. In the last 10 years, faculty received more than $1.5 billion in external support for research, teaching, training, and related purposes. This total includes highly competitive research and training awards from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Annually, MCW faculty direct or collaborate on more than 3,100 research studies, including clinical trials. Additionally, more than 1,650 physicians provide care in virtually every specialty of medicine for more than 2.8 million patients annually.