Poly(A)-tail-mediated remodeling of maternal mRNA controls start of life

Human development starts from the fertilization of a fully matured oocyte. Oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryo development before zygotic activation is characterized by the absence of new transcription from the genome. Thus, the process of oocyte-to-embryo transition before zygotic genome activation is largely controlled by post-transcriptional regulation of maternal mRNA stored in the fully grown oocyte. However, how maternal mRNA is post-transcriptionally regulated has remained elusive. 

Researchers led by Prof. LU Falong at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (IGDB) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), together with collaborators, have utilized poly(A)-inclusive RNA isoform sequencing (PAIso-seq) and PAIso-seq2 methods to comprehensively profile the poly(A)-tail-inclusive full-length transcriptome in human oocytes and embryos. 

The researchers found extensive poly(A)-tail-mediated maternal mRNA remodeling during the human oocyte-to-embryo transition. Unexpectedly, a large proportion of the maternal mRNA undergo partial degradation into their 3'-untranslated regions, which can then be modified by incorporation of U (uracil) residues at their 3'-ends. 

These transcripts do not undergo degradation and can be re-polyadenylated after fertilization, contributing to the production of a large number of new types of mRNA transcripts called polyadenylated degradation intermediates. 

The researchers then revealed several regulators of this extensive maternal mRNA remodeling process, including BTG4 in regulating global deadenylation during oocyte maturation, TUT4/7 in contributing to the incorporation of U residues, and TENT4A/B in incorporation of G (guanine) residues during the re-polyadenylation after fertilization that likely stabilized the re-polyadenylated mRNA transcripts. 

What are the roles of these incorporated U residues in the poly(A) tails and what are the roles of the polyadenylated degradation intermediates? These are very interesting questions for the future.   

Importantly, re-polyadenylation after fertilization is essential for human embryo development as evidenced by failed first embryo cleavage if the re-polyadenylation is blocked. 

These findings provide rich insight into the poly(A)-tail-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of maternal mRNAs in regulating the human oocyte-to-embryo transition. This mechanism will offer a new angle for understanding the mechanism underlying female infertility in humans. 

The poly(A)-inclusive full-length transcriptome will likely be a potentially useful tool in evaluating the developmental potential of oocytes, which could be valuable for infertility patients.