Barcelona, Spain – 26 Aug 2022: A pragmatic randomised trial in more than 21,000 patients with high blood pressure followed for over five years has concluded that protection against heart attack, stroke and vascular death is not affected by whether antihypertensive medications are taken in the morning or evening. The late breaking research is presented in a Hot Line session today at ESC Congress 20221 and contradicts previous findings that suggested a very large cardiovascular benefit of night-time dosing.2
More than one billion people have high blood pressure worldwide.3 High blood pressure is the leading global cause of premature death, accounting for almost ten million deaths in 2015, of which 4.9 million were due to ischaemic heart disease and 3.5 million were due to stroke. Nocturnal blood pressure is a better predictor of cardiovascular outcomes than daytime blood pressure, and there is previous evidence that antihypertensive drugs taken in the evening rather than in the morning reduced night-time blood pressure to a greater extent.4 The Hygia study2 previously indicated a protective effect of nocturnal dosing on cardiovascular events, but this study has attracted criticism.5
TIME was a large prospective, randomised trial conducted to test whether evening dosing of antihypertensive medication improved major cardiovascular outcomes compared with morning dosing.6 Adults taking at least one antihypertensive medication and with a valid email address were recruited by advertising in the community, from primary and secondary care, and from databases of consented patients in the UK. After participants had signed up on the TIME website (http://www.
timestudy.co.uk) and their eligibility was confirmed, they were randomised 1:1 to take their usual antihypertensive medication in the morning or the evening. The composite primary endpoint was hospitalisation for nonfatal myocardial infarction or nonfatal stroke, or vascular death, in the intention-to-treat population. Information on hospitalisations and deaths was obtained from participants by email and through record linkage to national databases and further data was gathered from family doctors and hospitals and independently adjudicated by a committee blinded to allocated dosing time.
A total of 21,104 patients were randomised, 10,503 to evening dosing and 10,601 to morning dosing. The average age of participants was 65 years, 58% were men and 98% were white. The median follow-up duration was 5.2 years but some were in the study for over nine years. The primary endpoint occurred in 362 (3.4%) participants in the evening dosing group (0.69 events per 100 patient years) and 390 (3.7%) in the morning dosing group (0.72 events per 100 patient years), giving an unadjusted hazard ratio of 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.83–1.10; p=0.53). The results did not vary in pre-specified subgroup analyses. Taking medication in the evening was not harmful.
Principal investigator Professor Thomas MacDonald of the University of Dundee, UK said: “TIME was one of the largest cardiovascular studies ever conducted and provides a definitive answer on the question of whether blood pressure lowering medications should be taken in the morning or evening. The trial clearly found that heart attack, stroke and vascular death occurred to a similar degree regardless of the time of administration. People with high blood pressure should take their regular antihypertensive medications at a time of day that is convenient for them and minimises any undesirable effects.”
ENDS
Notes to editors
Authors: ESC Press Office
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This press release accompanies both a presentation and an ESC press conference at ESC Congress 2022. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Society of Cardiology.
Funding: The TIME study was funded by the British Heart Foundation (CS/14/1/30659) and supported by the British and Irish Hypertension Society and the National Institute for Health and Care Research in the UK.
Disclosures: TMM reports grants from the British and Irish Hypertension Society for the TIME pilot study, the British Heart Foundation and support from NIHR HTA for the submitted work. He has received funding for research from Menarini/Ipsen/Teijin and MSD and NIHR HTA funding outside the submitted work and personal income for consultancy from Novartis and AstraZeneca outside the submitted work and he is a trustee of the Scottish Heart Arterial Risk Prevention (SHARP) Society.
References and notes
1TIME will be discussed during:
- Hot Line Session 1 on Friday 26 August at 14:00 to 15:15 CEST in the Barcelona auditorium.
- Meet the Trialist – TIME on Friday 26 August at 16:00 to 16:20 CEST on the ESC TV Stage.
2Hermida RC, Crespo JJ, Domínguez-Sardiña M, et al. Bedtime hypertension treatment improves cardiovascular risk reduction: the Hygia Chronotherapy Trial. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:4565–4576.
3Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3021–3104.
4Hermida RC, Ayala DE. Chronotherapy with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in essential hypertension improved blood pressure control with bedtime dosing. Hypertension. 2009;54:40-46.
5Ho CLB, Chowdhury EK, Doust J, et al. The effect of taking blood pressure lowering medication at night on cardiovascular disease risk. A systematic review. J Hum Hypertens. 2021;35:308–314.
6Rorie DA, Rogers A, Mackenzie IS, et al. Methods of a large prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded end-point study comparing morning versus evening dosing in hypertensive patients: the Treatment In Morning versus Evening (TIME) study. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010313.
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