Bonding through teamwork: A route to sustainable chemistry

The continued development of pharmaceuticals depends on the ability to form a wide range of chemical bonds. Diaryl ethers, characterized by the presence of an oxygen atom connected to two aryl groups, are a class of organic compounds with a broad range of applications, notably as a refrigerant and an antiseptic for preventing infections. In particular, diaryl ethers have been a topic of research interest as their organic synthesis has proved difficult. They can be formed from aryl-alcohols, or phenols, when a second aryl group replaces the alcoholic hydrogen. But current phenol O-arylation methods are inefficient and makes use of rare transition metal catalysts (notably the palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry). In addition, they are unselective, meaning many different side products are generated, reducing the efficiency and final yield of the desired organic compound.

Now, a more sustainable alternative to transition metal catalysts has been proposed by a team of researchers from Ritsumeikan University, Japan. In this work, the transition metal is replaced with a readily available and easily synthesized starting material, trimethoxyphenyl (TMP)-iodonium(III) acetate. “This iodonium salt contains two key structures, namely the TMP ligand and the acetate counterion, that work together to increase the reactivity of the O-arylation reaction and, in turn, enhance the ether bond formation, leading to significantly higher yields of diaryl ethers than has been reported in the past. It is a perfect teamwork,” explains Assistant Professor Kotaro Kikushima, the lead author of the study. This paper was made available online on March 7, 2022 and was published in Volume 24 Issue 10 of the journal Organic Letters on March 18, 2022.

Based on the structural features of phenyl(TMP)iodonium acetate, the researchers predicted that the diaryliodonium salt would have high reactivity. Accordingly, the combination of the trimethoxyphenyl group and acetate anion working together to enhance the reactivity of the phenol oxygen atom was determined for the first time in their study.

The variety and diversity of compounds is an important factor when designing methods for a green, sustainable chemistry future. To test the general nature of this method, the team tested and used various organic functional groups for O-arylation. To their delight, they found that the method was extremely robust and tolerant to a variety of functional groups, leading to a broad range of ethers synthesized with significantly higher yields than other reported techniques, an important consideration for industrial applications. The potential for scaling-up this process to industrial needs has also been demonstrated by performing the reaction on a gram-scale, retaining high efficiency. In addition to high yields and sustainable starting materials the method presented one more advantage compared to present techniques: increased selectivity. The TMP group guided the selective arylation of the other functional group, allowing for more control, and no unwanted side products.

“The present method would provide a cost-effective and robust access to a wide range of useful organic molecules under green sustainable conditions without the need for transition metal catalysts. Our next goal is to recycle and re-use the iodine-containing waste, which is formed as a side product during the arylation. Electrochemical or photochemical methods could then be used to sustainably restore the hypervalent iodine(III) which could then be used in another arylation,” explains Professor Toshifumi Dohi, the co-author of the study.

Adding these green recycling strategies to the presented arylation reaction would provide the ideal sustainable synthetic methodology for transition-metal-free bond formations without dangerous chemical waste, a seismic shift in the sustainability of organic synthesis. With impressive teamwork between ligands and counterions demonstrated, the future of organic chemistry has never looked so green.

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Reference

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00294

About Ritsumeikan University, Japan

An eminent private university located in western Japan, Ritsumeikan University is constantly accelerating its efforts toward being a research-intensive institute. In the fiscal year 2021, Ritsumeikan was ranked third among private universities in terms of the number of Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research awarded by the Japanese government. It has the distinction of being the first university in Japan to have been rated by QS Stars as a four-star institution, while also receiving a five-star rating in internationalization. It has also performed the best among Japanese private universities in the THE Impact Rankings for two consecutive years.

Website: http://en.ritsumei.ac.jp/

About Assistant Professor Kotaro Kikushima from Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Kotaro Kikushima currently holds the position of Assistant Professor at the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, at Ritsumeikan University, Japan, working with Prof. Toshifumi Dohi. After graduating with an engineering degree from Osaka University in 2005 and a PhD in Applied Chemistry in 2010 (Supervisor: Prof. Toshikazu Hirao), he undertook a postdoctoral position at the California Institute of Technology (PI: Prof. Brian M. Stoltz). Having also held assistant professorship positions at Nagoya City University, Okayama University and Osaka University, Kikushima has authored 42 publications.

About Professor Toshifumi Dohi from Ritsumeikan University, Japan

Toshifumi Dohi currently holds the position of Professor at the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, at Ritsumeikan University, Japan. He is also affiliated with the University’s Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences. He graduated with an engineering degree from Osaka University in 2002 and a PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences also from Osaka University in 2005 (Superviser: Prof. Yasuyuki Kita). After finishing his PhD, he subsequently became an Assistant Professor in Prof. Kita’s lab at Osaka University, and then moved to Ritsumeikan University with Prof. Kita in 2008. He has co-authored 8 books, 126 peer-reviewed articles, and 13 patents.

Funding information

This study was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers 19K05466 and 18H02014 and JST CREST grant number JPMJCR20R1. The authors also acknowledge support from the Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization (R-GIRO) project.