Scientists see what research participants picture in their mind’s eye

Osaka, Japan - They say a picture is worth a thousand words. Now, researchers from Japan have found that even a mental picture can communicate volumes.

In a study published this month in Communications Biology, researchers from Osaka University have revealed that the meaning of what a person is imagining can be determined from their brain wave pattern, even if the image differs from what the person is looking at.

When we see images in real life, whether we are talking to a friend, watching a movie, or watching a beautiful sunset, our brains take in this visual information in a way that can be detected by a technique called electrocorticogram, which detects patterns of electrical activity in the brain. These patterns are not set in stone, however; they can be changed by what we are paying attention to or imagining at the time.

“Attention is known to modulate neural representations of perceived images,” says lead author of the study Ryohei Fukuma. “However, we didn’t know whether imagining a different image could also change these representations.”

To test this, the researchers developed a new technology by working with patients with epilepsy who already had electrodes implanted in their brains to record and display electrocorticogram readouts of images that they were imagining. The patients were shown an image of the real-time readout and instructed to mentally picture a different image representing a “landscape,” “human face,” or “word” (for example, thinking of a human face while looking at various types of images) to control the readout.

“The results clarified the relationship between brain activities when people look at images versus when they imagine them,” explains Takufumi Yanagisawa, senior author. “The electrocorticogram readouts of the imagined images were distinct from those provoked by the actual images viewed by the patients. They could also be modified to be even more distinct when the patients received real-time feedback.”

The time needed to generate a very clear distinction between the imagined image and the viewed image was different for imagining a “word” and a “landscape,” which could have something to do with the different parts of the brain involved in imagining these two concepts.

“Our findings suggest that a readout image controlled by the subject’s imagery can be inferred by an observer using this technology,” says Fukuma.

Given the accuracy with which this new technology displays images that exist within the subject’s mind, a similar approach could be used to develop a communication device for severely paralyzed patients, such as those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Similar devices already used by some patients with this condition rely on motor control, which degenerates more quickly than visual cortical activity, so an imagery-based device could be highly valuable.

###

The article, “Voluntary control of semantic neural representations by imagery with conflicting visual stimulation,” was published in Communications Biology at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03137-x

About Osaka University

Osaka University was founded in 1931 as one of the seven imperial universities of Japan and is now one of Japan's leading comprehensive universities with a broad disciplinary spectrum. This strength is coupled with a singular drive for innovation that extends throughout the scientific process, from fundamental research to the creation of applied technology with positive economic impacts. Its commitment to innovation has been recognized in Japan and around the world, being named Japan's most innovative university in 2015 (Reuters 2015 Top 100) and one of the most innovative institutions in the world in 2017 (Innovative Universities and the Nature Index Innovation 2017). Now, Osaka University is leveraging its role as a Designated National University Corporation selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to contribute to innovation for human welfare, sustainable development of society, and social transformation.

Website: https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en