image: A, Driving locomotion of a rectangular plate on a frictional surface through excitations of elastic waves by pulsed optical absorption. Table: relationships between motion states of the plate, (instantaneous) effective absorbed light power, friction force and elastic waves. B, Band structure of elastic waveguide modes in a gold plate (width, w = 4 μm; height, h = 60 nm). Insets: modal profiles of fundamental elastic modes at static frequency (arrows specify directions of elastic oscillations). C, Sliding displacement of the contact surface of the gold plate (same as in B; lower panel) in the z-direction driven by a nanosecond optical pulse (upper panel) with frictional sliding resistance Fslide = 2.7 μN. D, Stabilized sliding displacement as a function of sliding resistance, Fslide. E, Sketch of the observed spiral motion experimentally. F, Temporal sequencing of optical images of a hexagonal gold plate spirally moving around a micro-fiber. The fiber has a diameter of 2 μm and the side length and the thickness of the plate are 27.72 μm and 30 nm, respectively. G, Cosine of rotation angle Φrot (upper panels), translation displacement (lower panels) as functions of time for gold plates with hexagonal, circular, and rectangular base shapes. All scale bars represent 15 μm. The used super-continuum laser pulses have 6.8-mW average power, 3-ns temporal width and 6.13–kHz repetition rate. view more
Credit: by Weiwei Tang, Wei Lv, Jinsheng Lu, Fengjiang Liu, Jiyong Wang, Wei Yan, and Min Qiu
optical actuators operated in nonliquid environment with stepping resolution of sub-nanometers. The key of the actuation lies in exploiting thermoelastic waves induced by pulsed optical absorption in absorptive micro-objects to overcome friction force, which has been firstly pointed out in an earlier paper from the same group [Sci. Adv. 5, eaau8271 (2019)]. Here, based on their previous efforts, the researchers take this novel scheme to the next level.
In this paper, a theory that takes microscopic interactions between friction force and thermally excited elastic waves into account is formulated, which features a predictive equation for the threshold optical power required to overcome friction resistance. The researchers found that nanosecond pulsed optical absorption with mW-scale peak power is sufficient to tame µN-scale friction force and enable actuation. With new theoretical insights, they experimentally demonstrated two-dimensional spiral motion of gold plates on microfibers as driven by nanosecond laser pulses. In addition, it was discovered that the motion direction is controllable by mechanically adjusting relative positions and contact configurations between plates and microfibers, and the motion speed could be tuned by changing pulse repetition rates and pulse power.
Regarding the potential applications, the authors mentioned that “The proposed actuation scheme can in principle find practical applications in various fields that require to precisely manipulate micro-objects in non-liquid environments. For instance, integrating our technique with an on-chip waveguide coupled network, one can in principle achieve optical modulation by adjusting positions of a gold plate on top of the waveguide to control waveguide transmission via tuning coupling between nearby waveguides. Moreover, it can also be used for transporting dielectric particles attached to the surface of a gold plate along a micro-fiber/nano-wire, which is essential in lab-on-a-chip technologies, e.g., for life-science applications.”
Journal
Light Science & Applications