ATLANTA, Aug. 23, 2021 — At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, stay-at-home orders and other restrictions drastically affected how people lived and worked, resulting in social isolation and economic instability. Now, researchers show that some people turned to a variety of drugs for relief. Using wastewater analysis, the team identified a spike in consumption of easily abused prescription opioids and anti-anxiety sedatives, while some illicit drug use plummeted, between March and June 2020.
The researchers will present their results today at the fall meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS). ACS Fall 2021 is a hybrid meeting being held virtually and in-person Aug. 22-26, and on-demand content will be available Aug. 30-Sept. 30. The meeting features more than 7,000 presentations on a wide range of science topics.
Previously, Bikram Subedi, Ph.D., and his research group used residues in wastewater to study illicit drug consumption in rural communities. With the onset of COVID-19 restrictions, the team turned to wastewater again. “We hypothesized that some of the drug profiles would be different, and personal drug use behavior would be altered due to isolation, loss of jobs and loss of life,” says Subedi, who is the principal investigator on the project.
By June 2020, about 40% of adults in the U.S. were struggling with their mental health, and 13% of those had started or increased their substance use, according to survey results published in an August 2020 paper by another team. So, to get an idea of community-wide habits and anxiety levels at the start of the pandemic, Subedi’s team at Murray State University used wastewater epidemiology. They calculated per capita consumption for a diverse set of drugs based on their presence in sewage entering treatment plants. With this technique, the researchers developed comprehensive and nearly real-time patterns of prescription and illicit drug use, which are important to public health authorities, law-enforcement and other agencies.
The researchers collected raw sewage samples from treatment facilities in two towns in western Kentucky and northwest Tennessee, says Alexander Montgomery, a graduate student who is presenting the work. Back in the lab, they measured the levels of easily abused prescription medications, illicit drugs and their metabolites. As Montgomery explains, the team took extra precautions with these samples because no one knew if SARS-CoV-2 could survive in wastewater. “I had to be extremely careful with every step of the extraction and handling process,” he says.
Their results showed that consumption of hydrocodone — one of the most abused prescription opioids — spiked by 72% from March to June 2020. The researchers suggest the change was because people had easier access to doctors as they switched to telemedicine appointments. Conversely, the use of illicit stimulants dropped by 16% for methamphetamine and 40% for cocaine. The researchers suggest that travel restrictions limited interstate and international trafficking of these drugs. “Our results match with all of the sources that we could find pertaining to other drug estimations in the community,” says Montgomery, including declines in city and state police methamphetamine and cocaine seizures. And now, even more recent data released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that nationwide, drug overdose deaths increased by nearly 30% from the prior year with the majority caused by opioid overdoses. Overdose deaths from fentanyl-laced illegal stimulants also increased in 2020.
At the same time, the prevalence of benzodiazepines — anxiety-related sedatives — was elevated by nearly 30% and antidepressants increased by 40%. In a related project that is also being presented by Subedi’s team at ACS Fall 2021, they examined the same wastewater samples for isoprostanes — hormones that indicate oxidative stress and anxiety — and found their levels rose significantly. “That tells us as people’s anxiety levels increased, the levels of prescription drug consumption also increased,” Subedi says, aligning with additional interventions recommended by health professionals to treat elevated mental health issues.
“The trends that we are reporting are only for the first four months of the early COVID-19 pandemic, and they may not be true for an extended period of time,” Subedi says. Although the pandemic is now receding in some parts of the world, the team continues monthly wastewater sampling. Subedi notes that monitoring the trends of drug use and community-level anxiety post-pandemic will help explain the overall effects that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on people’s lives.
A recorded media briefing on this topic will be posted Monday, Aug. 23 at 9 a.m. Eastern time at www.acs.org/acsfall2021briefings.
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The researchers acknowledge funding from the Kentucky Biomedical Research Infrastructure Network.
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Title
Trends in drug consumption during COVID-19 pandemic using wastewater-based epidemiology
Abstract
In addition to a dramatic loss of human life, the COVID-19 pandemic caused devastating disruption in social, economic, and overall public health. Drug abuse was increased by 36% in the United States and resulted in 30% more overdoses in Kentucky comparing monthly data to previous years. CDC estimated an increased percentage of people to start or increased consumption during the pandemic. We determined 39 most commonly abused illicit and prescribed drugs including stimulants, opioids, and antidepressants in two communities in Kentucky and Tennessee during the first 4 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. The consumption of one of the most abused opioids, hydrocodone, was steadily increased (72%) from March to July 2020, potentially resulted from the tele-prescription approved refills owing to the inaccessibility of in-person hospital appointments. However, the methamphetamine and cocaine consumptions were decreased by 16% and 40%, respectively, which are similar to the conventional estimate of decreased statewide possession citations of methamphetamine (12.6%) and cocaine (54%) from the first to second quarters of 2020 reported by the Kentucky Substance Use Research and Enforcement. The significant impact in the economy in early COVID-pandemic months, limited availability of illicit drugs in these communities, and the overall global disruptions in the supply chain of drugs potentially resulted in a decreased consumption of illegal stimulants in early COVID-pandemic periods. This demonstrates that the wastewater-based epidemiological estimations can provide a near-accurate trend of drug prevalence in the community.