image: HR 5171, the brightest star just below the centre of this wide-field image, is a yellow hypergiant, a very rare type of stars with only a dozen known in our galaxy. Its size is over 1,300 times that of the Sun -- one of the 10 largest stars found so far. Observations with ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer have shown that it is actually a double star, with the companion in contact with the main star. view more
Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2
Using ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI), Olivier Chesneau (Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France) and an international team of collaborators have found that the yellow hypergiant star HR 5171 A [1] is absolutely huge — 1300 times the diameter of the Sun and much bigger than was expected [2]. This makes it the largest yellow star known. It is also in the top ten of the largest stars known — 50% larger than the famous red supergiant Betelgeuse — and about one million times brighter than the Sun.
"The new observations also showed that this star has a very close binary partner, which was a real surprise," says Chesneau. "The two stars are so close that they touch and the whole system resembles a gigantic peanut."
The astronomers made use of a technique called interferometry to combine the light collected from multiple individual telescopes, effectively creating a giant telescope up to 140 metres in size. The new results prompted the team to thoroughly investigate older observations of the star spanning more than sixty years, to see how it had behaved in the past [3].
Yellow hypergiants are very rare, with only a dozen or so known in our galaxy — the best-known example being Rho Cassiopeiae. They are among the biggest and brightest stars known and are at a stage of their lives when they are unstable and changing rapidly. Due to this instability, yellow hypergiants also expel material outwards, forming a large, extended atmosphere around the star.
Despite its great distance of nearly 12 000 light-years from Earth, the object can just about be seen with the naked eye [4] by the keen-sighted. HR 5171 A has been found to be getting bigger over the last 40 years, cooling as it grows, and its evolution has now been caught in action. Only a few stars are caught in this very brief phase, where they undergo a dramatic change in temperature as they rapidly evolve.
By analysing data on the star's varying brightness, using observations from other observatories, the astronomers confirmed the object to be an eclipsing binary system where the smaller component passes in front and behind the larger one as it orbits. In this case HR 5171 A is orbited by its companion star every 1300 days. The smaller companion is only slightly hotter than HR 5171 A's surface temperature of 5000 degrees Celsius.
Chesneau concludes "The companion we have found is very significantas it can have an influence on the fate of HR 5171 A, for example, stripping off its outer layers and modifying its evolution."
This new discovery highlights the importance of studying these huge and short-lived yellow hypergiants, and could provide a means of understanding the evolutionary processes of massive stars in general.
Notes
[1] The star is also known as V766 Cen, HD 119796 and HIP 67261.
[2] Comparable objects seem to all be red supergiants which reach 1000–1500 times the radius of the Sun and have initial masses not exceeding 20–25 Solar masses. The radius of a yellow supergiant was expected to be 400–700 times that of the Sun.
[3] Spectral data were obtained using the Anglo–Australian Telescope with the University College London Echelle Spectrograph (UCLES), at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), with PUCHEROS, from the Pontificia Universidad de Chile (PUC) and through coronagraphic observations with the Near-Infrared Coronagraphic Imager (NICI) on the Gemini South telescope. Archival photometric datasets examined include infrared photometry from the South African Astronomical Observatory spanning the time frame from 1975 to 2013 and other datasets from 1983 to 2002, including some amateur observations. The agreement of professional results with those from amateur astronomer Sebastian Otero (2000–2013) is considered by the authors to be “excellent”, and “illustrates the quality of these amateur observations”.
[4] The visual magnitude of HR 5171 A is seen to vary between 6.10 and 7.30. It and can be viewed in the constellation of Centaurus (The Centaur).
More information
This research was presented in a paper "The yellow hypergiant HR 5171 A: Resolving a massive interacting binary in the common envelope phase", by Chesneau et al., to appear in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
The team is composed of O. Chesneau (Laboratoire Lagrange, Univ. Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France [Lagrange]), A. Meilland (Lagrange), E. Chapellier (Lagrange), F. Millour (Lagrange), A.M. Van Genderen (Leiden Observatory, Leiden, The Netherlands), Y. Nazé (Le Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Liège, Belgium), N. Smith (Steward Observatory, Tucson, USA), A. Spang (Lagrange), J.V. Smoker (ESO, Santiago, Chile), L. Dessart (Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Marseille, France), S. Kanaan (Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile [IFA]), Ph. Bendjoya (Lagrange), M.W. Feast (South African Astronomical Observatory, South Africa [SAAO]), J.H. Groh (Geneva Observatory, Geneva, Switzerland), A. Lobel (Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium), N. Nardetto (Lagrange), S. Otero (American Association of Variable Star Observers, Cambridge, MA, USA), R.D. Oudmaijer (School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leeds, UK), A.G. Tekola (SAAO and Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Goleta, CA, USA), P.A. Whitelock (SAAO), C. Arcos (IFA), M. Curé (IFA) and L. Vanzi (Department of Electrical Engineering and Center of Astro Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile).
ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organisation in Europe and the world's most productive ground-based astronomical observatory by far. It is supported by 15 countries: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. ESO carries out an ambitious programme focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in promoting and organising cooperation in astronomical research. ESO operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large Telescope, the world's most advanced visible-light astronomical observatory and two survey telescopes. VISTA works in the infrared and is the world's largest survey telescope and the VLT Survey Telescope is the largest telescope designed to exclusively survey the skies in visible light. ESO is the European partner of a revolutionary astronomical telescope ALMA, the largest astronomical project in existence. ESO is currently planning the 39-metre European Extremely Large optical/near-infrared Telescope, the E-ELT, which will become "the world's biggest eye on the sky".
Links
Research paper - http://arxiv.org/pdf/1401.2628v2.pdf (ArXiV pre-print)
Photos of the VLTI - http://www.eso.org/public/images/?search=vlti
Photos of AMBER - http://www.eso.org/public/images/?search=AMBER
Contacts
Olivier Chesneau
Laboratoire Lagrange / Univ. Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS - Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur
Nice, France
Tel: +33 (0)4 92 00 19 79
Email: olivier.chesneau@oca.eu
Richard Hook
ESO, Public Information Officer
Garching bei München, Germany
Tel: +49 89 3200 6655
Cell: +49 151 1537 3591
Email: rhook@eso.org