image: Lisa Kirk Wiese, Ph.D., senior author and an assistant professor in FAU's Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing pictured with a participant at one of the senior centers. Results of the study show that three-fourths of the participants knew that annual cognitive screening is recommended for older adults, but only one-fourth had been previously screened. Sociodemographic findings revealed that a majority of participants (86 percent) would partake in annual memory screenings if offered, regardless of their education or health literacy level. view more
Credit: Florida Atlantic University
Many older adults live in ethnically diverse rural settings where they face a higher burden of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as delayed detection due to health inequities. Furthermore, cultural perceptions about aging could add to disparities in recognizing and treating AD in these populations.
According to the Alzheimer's Association, the 400 percent increase in Medicaid/Medicare and out-of-pocket spending for AD care of $259 billion in 2017 highlights the need for preventive care, especially among higher-risk underserved rural groups.
Research targeting AD in rural populations has been scant, and many research reports have not distinguished between urban and rural participants. There is a critical need to assess AD knowledge in people living in rural areas in a way that matches their socioeconomic, educational and cultural needs.
Researchers from Florida Atlantic University's Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing have addressed this need by developing a novel tool called the "Basic Knowledge of Alzheimer's Disease" (BKAD). The survey consists of 32 items used to measure and assess AD knowledge in rural and underserved communities, based on topics related to symptoms, risk factors, screening, prevention, treatment and care.
For the study, published in the journal Aging & Mental Health, the researchers put the BKAD to the test at senior centers in five underserved, rural communities in Florida (the Glades) and Appalachian Virginia, West Virginia, Alabama and North Carolina.
Results of the study show that three-fourths of the participants knew that annual cognitive screening is recommended for older adults, but only one-fourth had been previously screened. Sociodemographic findings revealed that a majority of participants (86 percent) would partake in annual memory screenings if offered, regardless of their education or health literacy level.
More than 75 percent of the participants believed that staying socially, mentally and physically active is important. They also believed that there is medication that could help (68 percent for Glades participants and 69 percent for Appalachian participants). Almost all of the participants (90 percent) agreed with the statement, "the sooner you get help for AD, the more chance you have to slow it down."
In contrast, the lowest scores were related to personal disease risk such as, "nothing can be done to reduce the risk of AD" (less than 70 percent answered correctly) or "people with a history of diabetes, high blood pressure or stroke are at greater risk of AD" (61 percent answered this correctly). Another low scoring question (about one-third answered incorrectly) was related to the new finding that sudden vision changes may indicate AD risk. Other knowledge gaps were related to symptoms such as, "people with AD could remember things if they just tried harder" or "people with AD always go through a violent stage."
"We must provide culturally effective Alzheimer's disease education to correct misconceptions, decrease stigma, and bring awareness to the need for routine cognitive screening in populations at risk," said Lisa Kirk Wiese, Ph.D., senior author and an assistant professor in FAU's College of Nursing, who developed the BKAD with co-authors Christine L. Williams, DNsc, a professor and director of the Ph.D. program, and Ruth Tappen, Ed.D., the Christine E. Lynn Eminent Scholar and Professor, both in FAU's College of Nursing.
Important sociodemographic findings show that almost all Florida Glades participants (99 percent) wanted to participate in memory screenings as compared to Appalachian participants (62 percent). Slightly more Florida Glades participants saw providers routinely (94 percent) as compared to Appalachian participants (88 percent). Yet, about the same number (22 and 25 percent respectively) reported previous memory screening by a provider. Interestingly, Appalachian participants had higher average years of education and health literacy compared to the Florida Glades participants. Only 66 percent of the Florida Glades participants graduated high school and only 20 percent attended school beyond the eighth grade.
"Results from our study confirm the positive fit, reliability, and validity of our survey in underserved populations and also provide insights about the impact of health literacy and education, the knowledge gaps that exist in two diverse rural settings, and the differences in reported willingness to be screened for Alzheimer's disease," said Wiese. "Determining these knowledge gaps in varied populations and settings is essential to designing effective educational and awareness programs."
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David Newman, Ph.D., an associate professor and statistician in FAU's College of Nursing also co-authored the study.
The researchers also acknowledge Tyler Kirk, a native Appalachian and graduate of West Virginia University, who served as a research assistant for five years.
This study was supported by The Association of Community Health Nursing Educators.
About the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing:
FAU's Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing is nationally and internationally known for its excellence and philosophy of caring science. The college is ranked No.1 in online graduate nursing programs in Florida and No. 23 in the nation by U.S. News and World Report. In 2017, with a 100 percent pass rate on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN®), FAU BSN graduates, first-time test takers, ranked among the highest (No.1) in Florida and the United States. FAU's Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing is fully accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE). For more information, visit nursing.fau.edu.
About Florida Atlantic University:
Florida Atlantic University, established in 1961, officially opened its doors in 1964 as the fifth public university in Florida. Today, the University, with an annual economic impact of $6.3 billion, serves more than 30,000 undergraduate and graduate students at sites throughout its six-county service region in southeast Florida. FAU's world-class teaching and research faculty serves students through 10 colleges: the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters, the College of Business, the College for Design and Social Inquiry, the College of Education, the College of Engineering and Computer Science, the Graduate College, the Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, the Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing and the Charles E. Schmidt College of Science. FAU is ranked as a High Research Activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The University is placing special focus on the rapid development of critical areas that form the basis of its strategic plan: Healthy aging, biotech, coastal and marine issues, neuroscience, regenerative medicine, informatics, lifespan and the environment. These areas provide opportunities for faculty and students to build upon FAU's existing strengths in research and scholarship. For more information, visit http://www.fau.edu.
Journal
Aging & Mental Health