image: The inside back cover image of the Nov. 20, 2017 issue of Advanced Materials illustrates how ion migration in a hybrid perovskite crystal affects solar cell performance in different areas of the crystal. view more
Credit: AMOLF
A team of researchers led by the University of California San Diego has for the first time observed nanoscale changes deep inside hybrid perovskite crystals that could offer new insights into developing low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells.
Using X-ray beams and lasers, researchers studied how a new promising class of solar cell materials, called hybrid perovskites, behaves at the nanoscale level during operation. Their experiments revealed that when voltage is applied, ions migrate within the material, creating regions that are no longer as efficient at converting light to electricity.
"Ion migration hurts the performance of the light absorbing material. Limiting it could be a key to improving the quality of these solar cells," said David Fenning, a professor of nanoengineering and member of the Sustainable Power and Energy Center at UC San Diego.
The team, led by Fenning, includes researchers from the AMOLF Institute in the Netherlands and Argonne National Laboratory. Researchers published their findings in Advanced Materials.
Hybrid perovskites are crystalline materials made of a mixture of both inorganic and organic ions. They are promising materials for making next-generation solar cells because they are inexpensive to manufacture and are considerably efficient at converting light to electricity.
However, hybrid perovskites are not very stable, which can make them difficult to study. Microscopic techniques typically used to study solar cells often end up damaging the hybrid perovskites or can't image beyond their surfaces.
Now, a UC San Diego-led team has shown that by using a technique called nanoprobe X-ray fluorescence, they can probe deep into hybrid perovskite materials without destroying them. "This is a new window to peer inside these materials and see precisely what's going wrong," Fenning said.
The researchers studied a type of hybrid perovskite called methylammonium lead bromide, which contains negatively charged bromine ions. Like other hybrid perovskites, its crystalline structure contains many vacancies, or missing atoms, which have been suspected to allow ions to move readily within the material when a voltage is applied.
The researchers first performed nanoprobe X-ray fluorescence measurements on the crystals to create high-resolution maps of the atoms inside the material. The maps revealed that when voltage is applied, the bromine ions migrate from negatively charged areas to positively charged areas.
Next, the researchers shined a laser on the crystals to measure a property called photoluminescence--the material's ability to emit light when excited by a laser--in different areas of the crystals. A good solar cell material emits light very well, so the higher the photoluminescence, the more efficient the solar cell should be. The areas with higher bromine concentrations had up to 180 percent higher photoluminescence than areas depleted of bromine ions.
"We watch the bromine ions migrate within minutes and see that the resulting bromine-rich areas have the potential to become better solar cells while the performance is degraded in bromine-poor areas," Fenning said. Fenning and his team are now exploring ways to limit bromine migration in methylammonium lead bromide and other hybrid perovskites. Researchers say that one potential option would be growing hybrid perovskite crystals in different conditions to minimize the number of vacancies and limit ion migration in the crystalline structure.
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This work was supported in part by the University of California Carbon Neutrality Initiative, UC San Diego startup funds, the Hellman Foundation, the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme and the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences (award no. DE-SC0012118). This work used computing resources provided by Triton Shared Computing Cluster (TSCC) at UC San Diego, the National Energy Research Scientific Computer Center (NERSC) and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) supported by the National Science Foundation (grant no. ACI-1053575). The X-ray measurements were performed at the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory (contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357).
Paper title: "Direct Observation of Halide Migration and its Effect on the Photoluminescence of Methylammonium Lead Bromide Perovskite Single Crystals." Authors of the study are Yanqi Luo*, Zhuoying Zhu, Shyue Ping Ong and David P. Fenning of UC San Diego; Parisa Khoram*, Sarah Brittman and Erik C. Garrett of AMOLF, Netherlands; and Barry Lai of Argonne National Laboratory.
*These authors contributed equally to this work.
Journal
Advanced Materials