image: This is an Estuarine crocodile view more
Credit: Yusuke Fukuda
The south-east Asian island state of East Timor has a problem with crocodiles. Between 2007 and 2014 there was a sharp increase in attacks on humans. Many of these attacks were fatal. Sebastian Brackhane, a research assistant in the Department of Remote Sensing and Landscape Information Systems of the University of Freiburg, has analyzed data on crocodile attacks in relation to a rise in the population of estuarine crocodiles in East Timor. The results of his field study have been published in the Journal of Wildlife Management.
A native of South East Asia and the north of Australia, saltwater crocodiles are the largest of all crocodile species, growing to a length of up to six meters. The animals can weigh more than a ton and unlike other species of crocodile can survive in both fresh and salt water. This enables them to cover lengthy distances by sea. The animals have a strong territorial instinct and are extremely aggressive. They attack anything that moves in the water or near the shore - including humans. After being hunted for their leather right up until the 1960s, in the '70s the severely-reduced population was made a protected species in amongst other places Australia's Northern Territory, which lies about 450 kilometers south of East Timor.
Previously threatened by extinction, protection of the species led to growth in the population. Unfortunately it was accompanied by a rise in crocodile attacks on humans. However, as in many other South East Asian and Oceanian states, there has until now been no comprehensive data on the actual number of attacks in East Timor. In his field study, Brackhane spoke to local fishermen and village elders about incidents involving crocodiles, and developed a database. This showed that since East Timor became independent from Indonesia in 2002 there have been at least 130 attacks - however a high number of unreported cases must be assumed.
"The geographic characteristics of the volcanic island means that it only offers very limited habitat to support a larger population. So we wondered where all the crocodiles in East Timor come from," says Brackhane. Surveys of workers on an oil platform in the high seas between East Timor and the Northern Territory found that saltwater crocodiles have often been sighted in the vicinity of the platform. So the researchers developed the hypothesis that the animals may migrate from Australia to East Timor. "We believe that in many areas the habitat in the Northern Territory has reached maximum carrying capacity and juvenile saltwater crocodiles cross the sea to East Timor to find new habitats," says Brackhane. The origin of the saltwater crocodiles in East Timor still has to be confirmed by a DNA analysis.
However, Brackhane says that it is clear that many nations of South East Asia and Oceania has had a problem with estuarine crocodiles since their stocks have recovered well under conservation. And in East Timor the animals receive even greater protection: inhabitants believe that the island was created from a crocodile, so hunting "Grandfather Crocodile" is strictly prohibited.
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Original publication:
Sebastian Brackhane, Grahame Webb, Flaminio M.E. Xavier, Marcal Gusmao, Peter Pechacek (2018): When Conservation Becomes Dangerous: Human-Crocodile Conflict in Timor-Leste. In: The Journal of Wildlife Management. doi: 10.1002/jwmg.21497
Contact:
Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources
University of Freiburg
Journal
Journal of Wildlife Management