Genetic changes that help lung cancer thrive also make it vulnerable to a promising experimental drug, according to a study led by researchers from Perlmutter Cancer at NYU Langone Health, and published online October 2 in Nature Medicine.
Specifically, the study found that mutations in the DNA code for the gene KEAP1 help lung adenocarcinoma cells counter a process called oxidative stress, in which molecules known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are created as a side effect of "burning" fuel to make energy. Cancer cells need extra fuel to support abnormal growth, produce more ROS, and depend more for survival on naturally occurring antioxidants that keep ROS from damaging cell parts.
The new study confirmed that mutations that weaken KEAP1 function lead to greater production of antioxidants. It also found that KEAP1 mutations create vulnerability in cancer cells when combined with changes in the gene KRAS, which cause cancer cells to multiply aggressively.
The vulnerability found by the new study reflects the ability of lung adenocarcinoma cells to use extra fuel sources in support of abnormal growth. Along with the blood sugar that most cells use, cancer cells also break down a compound called glutamate to make energy, say the study authors. At the same time, such cells also expel glutamate as part of a process that supports the building of antioxidants. Importantly, cancer cells cannot both break down for energy, and expel, the same molecule of glutamate.
Recognizing this "competition" for glutamate as a weakness, the research team showed that the experimental drug CB-839 stopped tumor growth in mice with KRAS and KEAP1 mutations by cutting off the glutamate supply. Because adenocarcinoma cells with KEAP1 mutations used up so much glutamate to enable antioxidant production, they did not have enough to fuel aggressive, KRAS-driven growth. Consequently, they starved.
"Our study results suggest that a drug currently in clinical trials may be more effective against cancers with combined KRAS and KEAP1 mutations, which represents perhaps ten percent of patients diagnosed each year with lung adenocarcinoma or 9,000 patients per year," says corresponding study author Thales Papagiannakopoulos, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of Pathology at NYU School of Medicine.
First of Many Vulnerabilities
To make their discovery, the research team used the revolutionary gene editing system called CRISPR-Cas9. Using a virus to introduce this system into mouse lung cells, the investigators made their desired genetic changes in months instead of the years needed for conventional gene targeting. The team then disabled the KEAP1 gene in lung cancer cells that already had KRAS mutations, and metabolic tests confirmed the glutamate supply vulnerability this process created. Drug screens subsequently revealed that the Phase I clinical trial drug, CB-839, might be especially useful against cells with this combination of mutations.
Moving forward, Papagiannakopoulos says he has approached Calithera, the company developing CB-839, about the possibility of testing whether the drug is more effective in patients with KRAS and KEAP1 mutations. Beyond lung cancer, a second study published this week by the same team in the journal eLife found that KEAP-1 mutations might also make glutaminase inhibitors such as CB-839 more effective against other cancers, including melanoma, bone cancer, kidney cancer, urinary tract cancer, and colon cancer.
KRAS and KEAP1 represent just two on the team's list of the 18 most commonly mutated genes in lung adenocarcinoma. The researchers plan to work down the list, confirming the contribution of mutations in each gene to cancer cell survival, revealing related metabolic dependencies, and screening for drugs that may leverage them.
About 222,500 new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed each year, according to the American Cancer Society. About 40 percent of lung cancers are adenocarcinomas, which start in cells that would normally secrete mucus.
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Along with Papagiannakopoulos, study authors in the Department of Pathology at the NYU School of Medicine were Simranjit Singh, Sarah LeBoeuf, Volkan Sayin, and Britney Martinez. Study authors from the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology were Rodrigo Romero, Shawn Davidson, Matthew Bauer, Donald Ellis, Arjun Bhutkar, Francisco Sanchez-Rivera, Lakshmipriya Subbaraj, Matthew Vander Heiden, and co-corresponding author Tyler Jacks, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. Also making important contributions were Roderick Bronson of Tufts University and Harvard Medical School; Justin Prigge and Edward Schmidt in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University; and Craig Thomas at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Chemical Genomics Center in Bethesda.
This work was supported in part by the Koch Institute Support grant P30-CA14051 from the National Cancer Institute, NIH grant K22CA201088-01), National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship grant 1122374, EMBO Long Term Fellowship ALTF 1451-2015 co-funded by the European Commission (LTCOFUND2013, GA-2013-609409) with support from Marie Curie Actions, Cancer Center Support Grant P30-CA14051. Additional support was provided by the American Cancer Society, Hope Funds for Cancer Research, the Swedish Medical Research Council, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Journal
Nature Medicine