image: This is an image of the murine norovirus captured by cryo-electron microscopy. view more
Credit: University of Leeds
Every picture tells a story... none more so than this detailed visualisation of a strain of the norovirus.
Created from 13,000 separate images taken by an electron microscope, it reveals in rich detail the structure of the virus. It shows bump-like protrusions on the outside of the virus capsid, the protein shell that holds the genome of the virus.
Joseph Snowden, a PhD researcher from the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology at the University of Leeds, said it revealed that the protein casing did not keep a fixed shape - as the protrusions on the surface would extend, retract and rotate.
This dynamic shape-shifting may hold clues as to why the noroviruses are such potent pathogens, responsible for over 200,000 deaths worldwide each year, mainly in low-to-middle-income countries. In the UK, noroviruses cause the winter vomiting bug that forces the closure of schools and hospitals.
To identify subtle changes to the structure of these protein shells, the scientists processed the data from the images with a super computer, using a method called "focussed classification".
The study, Dynamics in the murine norovirus capsid revealed by high-resolution cryo-EM, is reported in the online journal PLOS Biology. This link will go live when the paper is published:
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.pbio.3000649
For safety reasons, the researchers used a mouse norovirus in their study, which closely resembles the human noroviruses.
Mr Snowden said: "The constant changing or morphing of the virus shell may enable it to confuse the body's defence systems.
"Immune systems work on the basis of molecular shape. The body's defences will produce proteins that bind to pathogens to prevent them from infecting host cells. But if the shape of the virus is constantly changing, the body's defence systems may be unable to act efficiently."
The protrusions seem able to move independently or in a co-ordinated fashion and the scientists believe this may enable the virus to prime itself ready for infection depending on where it is - i.e. if it is in the digestive tract of a host organism.
It is believed that this study is the first study to use the focussed classification computing tool to investigate the structure of a norovirus.
Structural insight to aid vaccine development
Dr Morgan Herod, one of the senior authors on this study, also from the University of Leeds, hopes that a greater understanding of the structure of the norovirus may help with vaccine development, which so far has been unsuccessful.
Dr Herod said "The University of Leeds has a strong track record in the use of virus like particles (VLPs) to create vaccine candidates, for example against polio. VLPs are harmless proteins modelled on the structure of a virus's casing and they fool the immune system into thinking the body is under attack, prompting an immune response. "
"Our research shows that the capsid or protein shell of norovirus is dynamic - and perhaps we have to look at VLPs that are better able to mimic this aspect of norovirus structure."
"That will make the vaccine development task a little harder."
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Notes to Editors
For further information, please contact David Lewis in the University of Leeds press office: d.lewis@leeds.ac.uk
Funding
This work was supported by Wellcome (wellcome.ac.uk) PhD studentships, Medical Research Council (mrc.ukri.org), the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (bbsrc.ukri.org BB/K003801/1). Electron microscopy was performed in the Astbury Biostructure Laboratory, which was funded by the University of Leeds and Wellcome (wellcome.ac.uk 108466/Z/15/Z). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The University of Leeds
The University of Leeds is one of the largest higher education institutions in the UK, with more than 38,000 students from more than 150 different countries, and a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universities. The University plays a significant role in the Turing, Rosalind Franklin and Royce Institutes.
We are a top ten university for research and impact power in the UK, according to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, and are in the top 100 of the QS World University Rankings 2020. Additionally, the University was awarded a Gold rating by the Government's Teaching Excellence Framework in 2017, recognising its 'consistently outstanding' teaching and learning provision. Twenty-six of our academics have been awarded National Teaching Fellowships - more than any other institution in England, Northern Ireland and Wales - reflecting the excellence of our teaching.
Over a third of our academics are involved in applied research or as consultants to industry, and over the last ten years, the University of Leeds has produced more than 100 'spin-out' companies.
Journal
PLOS Biology