New Haven, Conn. -- State breast density notification laws that mandate reporting of mammogram results can prompt further screening and modestly boost cancer detection rates, say researchers at Yale's School of Public Health and School of Medicine. Their study was published in the American Journal of Public Health.
About half of women in the United States in their 40s and 50s have dense breast tissue, which increases their risk of breast cancer and makes it harder to detect cancer on a mammogram. In response to these concerns, many states now require healthcare providers to notify women about breast density after they undergo mammography. However, in recent years, some states have gone a step further, mandating that these notifications also include recommendations that women with higher breast density should consider supplemental screening tests, such as ultrasound and MRI.
To investigate whether these different types of state laws affect patterns of screening, the researchers analyzed data from more than one million mammograms provided to privately insured women in their 40s and 50s. The women lived in states with either no notification law, a law that only included information about their breast density status, or a law that also recommended supplemental tests. The research team analyzed whether the type of law made a difference in clinical practice -- specifically, rates of breast ultrasound and cancer detection.
The research team found that women living in states with laws recommending supplemental screening tests had increased rates of breast ultrasound and cancer detection after the law was implemented. In contrast, the researchers found no changes in clinical practice related to notifications that only included information about breast density.
This finding suggests limited clinical impact of breast density legislation except in situations where the notification law specifically recommends supplemental screening. "Our study suggests that if one of the goals of dense breast notification laws is to change clinical practice, the language of the legislation is important," said Susan Busch, professor of public health and corresponding author. "Including specific information about additional testing is more effective than vague recommendations that suggest talking to your doctor."
The increases in ultrasound and cancer detection rates in states with laws recommending supplemental screening were small, with a predicted 10.5 additional ultrasounds per 1,000 mammograms, and less than one additional breast cancer detected per 1,000 mammograms. "Notably, although we find increases, this uptake is low for an insured population with plans that cover breast ultrasounds," Busch noted.
The study results come with a caveat, said co-author Cary Gross, professor of medicine and a member of Yale Cancer Center: "It is important to note that finding additional cancers does not necessarily translate to patient benefit. Sometimes, performing more screening might simply detect more early-stage cancers that might not have caused a problem. The key outcome for a screening program is to decrease rates of advanced cancers, and to decrease mortality. We need further study to determine whether these more aggressive screening strategies are actually having a positive impact."
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Other study authors from Yale are Jessica Hoag, Xiao Xu, Jenerius Aminawung, Ilana Richman, and Pamela Soulos. Co-author Kelly Kyanko is at NYU Langone Health.
The Yale researchers accessed the de-identified data through Yale University's participation in the Blue Cross Blue Shield Alliance for Health Research, which was established to engage leading U.S. healthcare researchers in collaborative efforts to explore critical healthcare issues. Yale researchers obtained no funding from BCBSA to conduct this research, which was supported by a grant from the American Cancer Society. Author affiliations and disclosures are detailed in the paper published in the American Journal of Public Health.
Journal
American Journal of Public Health