image: Do alcohol warning labels work? Findings from a real-world experiment view more
Credit: University of Toronto/University of Victoria
PISCATAWAY, NJ - When alcohol bottles come with conspicuous labels providing information on the risks of alcohol consumption or drinking guidelines, people are better informed about alcohol's harms and may cut down their drinking, according to a series of studies in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.
"The results provide the first real-world evidence that relatively large, bright yellow alcohol labels with rotating health messages get noticed by consumers and can increase awareness of national drinking guidelines, improve knowledge of alcohol-related health risks, such as cancer, and reduce alcohol sales compared to control sites without the labels," says Erin Hobin, Ph.D., affiliated scientist at the University of Toronto's Dalla Lana School of Public Health. She is principal investigator on the studies in this series.
The Canadian research, called the Northern Territories Alcohol Label Study, involved placing bright-colored labels on bottles of beer, wine and distilled spirits with one of three brief messages: One label displayed scientific evidence regarding the established link between alcohol and cancer, the second contained the Canadian government's low-risk drinking guidelines and the third provided information about the number of standard drinks in the container.
One of the studies, led by Jinhui Zhao, Ph.D., and Tim Stockwell, Ph.D., both of the Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research at the University of Victoria, found that adding such labels to alcohol bottles (300,000 labels in all) decreased total sales of alcohol by 6.9% compared with sales in regions without the new labels.
In another article, researchers led by Nour Schoueri-Mychasiw, Ph.D., of Public Health Ontario, found that, among 2,049 participants, awareness of Canada's low-risk drinking guidelines increased nearly three times in the site in which the labels were placed compared with a control location. (Canada recommends no more than two drinks a day for women, no more than three for men and at least two alcohol-free days per week.)
A third study generated controversy. Here, Hobin and her colleagues queried the same 2,049 participants about their knowledge of the link between alcohol consumption and cancer. (The cancer label read, "Chief Medical Officer of Health advises alcohol can cause cancer, including breast and colon cancer.")
Before the label intervention, only about 25% of participants knew alcohol consumption can cause cancer. After the labeling, awareness in Yukon rose to 42%, a 10% greater increase in awareness of the alcohol-cancer link relative to the control site in neighboring Northwest Territories.
However, the cancer label part of these studies was cut short because the alcohol industry protested about the placement of labels on their products. The industry complained that the Yukon Government, who helped coordinate the study and is responsible for alcohol distribution and sales in the territory, did not have legal authority to place such labels, that the labels violated industry's freedom of expression and that the government was defaming alcohol manufacturers.
Under pressure, the Yukon Government shut down the cancer label research in December 2017, only one month after the study's launch.
"I'd describe this study as a David versus Goliath scenario," says Hobin. "Our Yukon partners and research team members worked tirelessly to execute this study and persevered, despite tremendous adversity."
After consultation with legal experts, Stockwell and colleagues concluded, "none of the industry's claims had any merit." In fact, they note that provincial and territorial governments in Canada could be held liable if they do not warn consumers about the link between alcohol and cancer. (The World Health Organization declared alcohol as a human carcinogen more than 30 years ago.)
"Warning labels help drinkers to be better informed about alcohol’s health risks and prompted many to cut down their drinking,” says Stockwell, co-lead on the studies. "This is an especially vital public health intervention now, as we see people at risk of increasing their alcohol intake as they isolate at home during the COVID-19 outbreak."
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Babor, T. F. (2020). The arrogance of power: Alcohol industry interference with warning label research. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81, 222-224. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.222
Zhao, J., Stockwell, T., Vallance, K., & Hobin, E. (2020). The effects of alcohol warning labels on population alcohol consumption: An interrupted time series analysis of alcohol sales in Yukon, Canada. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81, 225-237. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.225
Vallance, K., Stockwell, T., Zhao, J., Shokar, S., Schoueri-Mychasiw, N., Hammond, D., Greenfield, T. K., McGavock, J., Weerasinghe, A., & Hobin, E. (2020). Baseline assessment of alcohol-related knowledge of and support for alcohol warning labels among alcohol consumers in northern Canada and associations with key sociodemographic characteristics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81, 238-248. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.238
Hobin, E., Weerasinghe, A., Vallance, K., Hammond, D., McGavock, J., Greenfield, T. K., Schoueri-Mychasiw, N., Paradis, C., & Stockwell, T. (2020). Testing alcohol labels as a tool to communicate cancer risk to drinkers: a real-world quasi-experimental study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81, 249-261. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.249
Schoueri-Mychasiw, N., Weerasinghe, A., Vallance, K., Stockwell, T., Zhao, J., Hammond, D., McGavock, J., Greenfield, T. K., Paradis, C., & Hobin, E. (2020). Examining the impact of alcohol labels on awareness and knowledge of national drinking guidelines: A real-world study in Yukon, Canada. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81, 262-272. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.262
Vallance, K., Vincent, A., Schoueri-Mychasiw, N., Stockwell, T., Hammond, D., Greenfield, T. K., McGavock, J., & Hobin, E. (2020). News media and the influence of the alcohol industry: An analysis of media coverage of alcohol warning labels with a cancer message in Canada and Ireland. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81, 273-283. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.273
Stockwell, T., Solomon, R., O'Brien, P., Vallance, K., & Hobin, E. (2020). Cancer warning labels on alcohol containers: A consumer's right to know, a government's responsibility to inform, and an industry's power to thwart. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81, 284-292. doi:10.15288/jsad.2020.81.284
To arrange an interview with Erin Hobin, Ph.D., please contact Nicole Bodnar at 289-259-5080 or nicole.bodnar@utoronto.ca.
To arrange an interview with Tim Stockwell, Ph.D., please contact Amanda Farrell-Low at farlow@uvic.ca or 250-472-5445
The Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (http://www.jsad.com) is published by the Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. It is the oldest substance-related journal published in the United States.
To learn about education and training opportunities for addiction counselors and others at the Rutgers Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, please visit https://education.alcoholstudies.rutgers.edu/education-training.
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By Paul Candon
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Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs