video: Black smokers, such as these at a hydrothermal vent on the seafloor near the Cayman Islands, produce mineral-rich emissions that form deposits which may soon be mined for valuable minerals. view more
Credit: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration
DURHAM, N.C. - An international team of researchers has developed a comprehensive set of criteria to help the International Seabed Authority (ISA) protect local biodiversity from deep-sea mining activities. These guidelines should help identify areas of particular environmental importance where no mining should occur.
"Areas near active hydrothermal vents on mid-ocean ridges have been approved for future exploration for ore deposits, but the mining has not yet started, so we still have an opportunity to put into place effective environmental management plans," said Daniel C. Dunn, assistant research professor in the Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab at Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment.
The International Seabed Authority, which was established under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, is responsible for reviewing all applications to mine in waters outside national jurisdiction, and for putting into place an environmental management plan for these areas.
"This paper contributes to that process by identifying a framework for developing a network of areas that should remain off-limits," said Dunn, who was a co-lead author of the paper.
Dunn and colleagues from 16 institutions published their recommendations in a peer-reviewed paper July 4 in Science Advances.
The paper recommends a set of 18 quantitative metrics that regulators can use to assess whether the number, shapes, sizes and locations of sites within a proposed 'no-mining zone' network will be sufficient to protect a wide range of habitats and species that might otherwise be harmed by mining activities.
"The ISA has set a precedent of conserving 30 percent to 50 percent of their total management area in each region," Dunn said. "Our framework helps pinpoint the specific characteristics -- how close, how large, how long or wide -- each area within a network needs to be to meet this objective."
Although the study focused on future mining scenarios on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, its guidelines are flexible enough to be adapted for use in other deep-sea locations, the researchers say.
The guidelines also take into account future changes that are likely to occur on the seafloor in the next 100 years due to climate change.
"When we developed these metrics, we looked at not only what the deep sea is like now, but how it may look in the future under the influence of climate-driven changes in pH, temperature, and organic carbon and dissolved oxygen concentrations," said Cindy Van Dover, Harvey W. Smith Professor of Biological Oceanography at Duke's Nicholas School.
One of the greatest challenges in developing the new framework was overcoming "the vast amount we still don't know about seafloor biology," said Van Dover, who was also a lead author on the paper.
"This is, by necessity, a representative approach," Van Dover said. "We still really don't know much about what's down there, so we have to use proxies to make educated guesses about the different types of habitats and marine life."
"Essentially, you want to be able to assess whether your network will be sufficient to conserve a broad swath of biodiversity, both now and in the future," Dunn said.
Much of the input used to refine the new framework came from data and results shared at two large-scale Strategic Environmental Management Plan in the Atlantic (SEMPIA) workshops that Dunn and Van Dover helped lead, and from ongoing research by the paper's authors.
"This has been a massive three-year international effort, with input from more than 80 researchers, lawyers, mining contractors and policymakers, to help inform and guide ISA policies and practices so that sound environmental management plans can be put into place before the mining starts," said Dunn.
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Patrick N. Halpin, professor of marine geospatial ecology at Duke, was among the study's co-authors. Other co-authors were from the University of Massachusetts; the University of Hawaii at Manoa; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego; the University of Southampton; the University of the Azores; and the Scottish Marine Institute. And from the Russian Academy of Sciences; the IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme; the Middlebury Institute of International Studies; Plymouth University; Seascapes Consultants; the Universidade do Vale do Itajai; the University of Porto; and the Senchenberg National History Collections Dresden.
Primary funding for development of the paper came from the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative, and the Nippon Foundation-University of British Columbia Nereus Program. The SEMPIA workshops were supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme, the Direcáo Regional dos Assuntas do Mar, the Governo Regional dos Açores, the Deep-Sea Conservation Coalition, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Kaplan Fund and Oceans 5. Individual co-authors received support from additional sources.
CITATION: "A Strategy for the Conservation of Biodiversity on Mid-Ocean Ridges from Deep-Sea Mining," Daniel C. Dunn, Cindy L. Van Dover, Ron J. Etter, Craig R. Smith, Lisa A. Levin, Telmo Morato, Ana Colaco, Andrew C. Dale, Andrey V. Gebruk, Kristina M. Gjerde, Patrick N. Halpin, Kerry L. Howell, David Johnson, Jose Angel A. Perez, Marta Chantal Ribiero, Heiko Stuckas, Philip Weaver and SEMPIA workshop participants. Science Advances, July 4, 2018. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar4313
Journal
Science Advances