Inequality in the use of health care has increased dramatically in recent years, with wealthier Americans, who tend to be healthier, now consuming the most care, according to a study published today [Wednesday, July 6] in the July issue of Health Affairs.
In 2012, the wealthiest fifth of Americans got 43 percent more health care ($1,743 more per person) than the poorest fifth of Americans, and 23 percent more care ($1,082 per person) than middle-income people. (These figures are adjusted for the higher burden of illness among poor and middle-class people as compared to the wealthy.)
According to the study's authors, who analyzed 22 national surveys conducted over the past five decades, these numbers reflect a striking reversal of a long-term trend toward greater equality in health care use by all income groups. They marshal data showing that the turning point came in the mid-2000s.
Prior to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, the wealthy got about twice as much care as the poor. Subsequently, care became more equal, with lower-income Americans using more care than the wealthy (although analyses adjusting for the greater burden of illness among lower-income people showed that the gap was never fully erased).
But between 2004 and 2012, as the growth in medical spending slowed overall, the use of care by the wealthiest fifth of Americans grew by 19.7 percent, outpacing growth for middle-income groups by 57 percent. Meanwhile, care for the poorest fifth of Americans actually fell by 3.7 percent.
No upswing in health care inequality occurred among the elderly, virtually all of whom are covered by Medicare.
The researchers, who conducted their work at Harvard Medical School, the City University of New York at Hunter College, and Boston University, determined individuals' health care use based on the total costs of their care, whether paid by insurers, the patients themselves, or government programs. Results were similar when they looked at the use of specific services such as the number of doctor visits, which were 40 percent higher for the wealthy than for all other Americans by 2012.
In their study, the income threshold for the wealthiest fifth in 2012 was $101,094 for a family of three, while those in the poorest fifth had family incomes below $22,689. The 60 percent of Americans with incomes between these thresholds were considered middle-income.
The authors attribute their findings to the synergistic impact of widening U.S. income inequality, the 2007-2009 recession and the slow recovery for the poor and middle class, and a sharp rise in health insurance co-payments and deductibles that discourage non-wealthy Americans from seeking care.
According to lead author Dr. Samuel Dickman, who conducted his research at Harvard Medical School and who is now at San Francisco General Hospital: "We spend more on medical care than in any other country, and those dollars are increasingly concentrated on the wealthy, who have good insurance and enough cash to afford skyrocketing deductibles and co-payments. In recent years economists have celebrated a slowdown in health care cost growth. But the slowdown seems to have been achieved by forcing poor and middle-class Americans to choose between paying rent, buying groceries, or going to the doctor when they're sick."
Dr. David Himmelstein, a professor at the City University of New York at Hunter College and lecturer at Harvard Medical School who was the senior author of the study, commented: "While poor and middle-class patients are skipping vital care, the wealthy are getting unnecessary and even harmful care. And the widening inequalities in health care are reflected in rising inequality in death rates. Meanwhile, our overall life expectancy is falling further and further behind nations that distribute care based on need, not wealth. Our findings dramatize the urgent need for national health insurance - a single-payer reform with first-dollar coverage - that would assure that all Americans can get the care they need."
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"Health Spending For Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Americans, 1963-2012," by Samuel L. Dickman, Steffie Woolhandler, Jacob Bor, Danny McCormick, David H. Bor, and David U. Himmelstein. Health Affairs, July 2016.
The abstract of the article is available here: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/7/1189.abstract
Physicians for a National Health Program is a nonprofit research and educational organization of more than 20,000 doctors who support single-payer national health insurance. PNHP had no role in funding or otherwise supporting the study described above.
Journal
Health Affairs