image: (a) A set of measurement locations in k-space. (b) Theoretical intensity distributions of the measurement points. (c, d) A sample of 1-bit disordered-phase pattern of the metasurface and the generated far-field intensity distribution. (e) Theoretical and calculated results of I2 (information of the radiation pattern) with respect to different sizes and phase patterns of the metasurfaces. (f, g) A sample of 2-bit disordered-phase pattern of metasurface and the generated far-field intensity distribution. (h) Theoretical and calculated results of I2 with respect to different sizes and phase patterns of metasurfaces. (i, j) A sample of continuous disordered-phase pattern of the metasurface and the generated far-field intensity distribution. (k) Theoretical and calculated results of I2 with respect to different sizes and phase patterns of metasurfaces. view more
Credit: ©Science China Press
When illuminated by electromagnetic waves, subwavelength-scale particles of metasurface can couple the incident energy to free space with controllable amplitude, phase and polarizations, such that the transmitted wave can be manipulated flexibly with predesigned functionalities. In recent years, rapid developments of digital and information metasurfaces have stimulated many information processing applications, such as computational imaging, wireless communications, and performing mathematical operations. With the increasing amount of researches focused on the topic of information processing with metasurface, a general theory to characterize the properties of metasurface from the information perspective is urgently demanded.
Recently, Prof. Tie Jun Cui's group at Southeast University (SEU) has collaborated with Prof. Lianlin Li at Peking University (PKU), and reported a breakthrough on this topic in National Science Review entitled "Information theory of metasurfaces" (the first author is graduate student, Haotian Wu). In this work, a general information theory of metasurface is proposed to analyze the relation between the information of metasurface and its far-field radiation pattern.
To analyze the metasurface from the information perspective, the scientists introduced a general aperture model to characterize the amplitude and phase responses of the metasurface. By incorporating the general aperture model of the metasurface with uncertainty relation in L2-space, the scientists found an upper bound of information contained in the radiation pattern of a metasurface, and revealed the theoretical upper limit of orthogonal radiation states that can be realized by the metasurface. The proposed theory also provides guidance for inverse design of metasurface with respect to given functionalities. That is to say, once the required radiation pattern(s) is/are specified, the size of metasurface must be larger than the value predicted by the proposed theory, otherwise it would be impossible to realize the required radiation pattern(s) no matter what design strategies are adopted. In addition, through investigating the information of disordered-phase modulated metasurfaces, the scientists found the information invariance (1-γ) of chaotic radiation patterns generated by disordered metasurfaces. The result indicates that the far-field information of the disordered-phase modulated radiation patterns is always equal to 1-γ (γ is the Euler's constant), which is independent of the size of metasurface, the number of metasurface elements, and the phase patterns.
To verify the proposed theory, the scientists firstly analyzed the information of far-field radiation patterns generated by multiple sets of metasurface samples with different amplitude and phase modulations. The calculated results are all bounded by the inequality provided by the proposed theory. Additionally, to verify the information invariance of disordered metasurfaces, they calculated the information of far-field patterns generated by multiple sets of disordered phase-modulated metasurface samples: 1-bit digital coding phases with each phase taking on one of the values of 0 and π randomly; 2-bit digital coding phases with each phase taking on one of the values of 0, π/2, π, and 3/2π randomly, and continuous random phase variable described by a uniform probability distribution. The calculated results of the speckle-like radiation patterns match the theoretical prediction (1-γ) perfectly, which convincingly demonstrate the information invariance of the chaotic far-field patterns.
"The presented theory establishes a quantitative framework to characterize the information processing capabilities of metasurface, which provides deeper physical insights in understanding metasurface from information perspective, and offers new approaches to facilitate analyses and designs of metasurface. The findings of this investigation are generally applicable in a wide range of spectra, which would be helpful to lay the groundwork for future researches into the regime of information metasurface." the scientists forecast.
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See the article: Haotian Wu, Guo Dong Bai, Shuo Liu, Lianlin Li, Xiang Wan, Qiang Cheng, and Tie Jun Cui
Information Theory of Metasurfaces Natl Sci Rev, doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz195 https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz195
The National Science Review is the first comprehensive scholarly journal released in English in China that is aimed at linking the country's rapidly advancing community of scientists with the global frontiers of science and technology. The journal also aims to shine a worldwide spotlight on scientific research advances across China.
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