image: A scanning electron transmission microscope image shows an octopod, left, created at Rice University that has both plasmonic and catalytic abilities. At right is an illustration of the octopod, which has a gold core and a gold-palladium alloy surface. The scale bar is 50 nanometers. view more
Credit: Ringe Group/Rice University
HOUSTON - (Nov. 30, 2015) - Nanoscale octopods that do double duty as catalysts and plasmonic sensors are lighting a path toward more efficient industrial processes, according to a Rice University scientist.
Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions and are essential to many industries, including petroleum, food processing and pharmaceuticals. Common catalysts include palladium and platinum, both found in cars' catalytic converters. Plasmons are waves of electrons that oscillate in particles, usually metallic, when excited by light. Plasmonic metals like gold and silver can be used as sensors in biological applications and for chemical detection, among others.
Plasmonic materials are not the best catalysts, and catalysts are typically very poor for plasmonics. But combining them in the right way shows promise for industrial and scientific applications, said Emilie Ringe, a Rice assistant professor of materials science and nanoengineering and of chemistry who led the study that appears in Scientific Reports.
"Plasmonic particles are magnets for light," said Ringe, who worked on the project with colleagues in the U.S., the United Kingdom and Germany. "They couple with light and create big electric fields that can drive chemical processes. By combining these electric fields with a catalytic surface, we could further push chemical reactions. That's why we're studying how palladium and gold can be incorporated together."
The researchers created eight-armed specks of gold and coated them with a gold-palladium alloy. The octopods proved to be efficient catalysts and sensors.
"If you simply mix gold and palladium, you may end up with a bad plasmonic material and a pretty bad catalyst, because palladium does not attract light like gold does," Ringe said. "But our particles have gold cores with palladium at the tips, so they retain their plasmonic properties and the surfaces are catalytic."
Just as important, Ringe said, the team established characterization techniques that will allow scientists to tune application-specific alloys that report on their catalytic activity in real time.
The researchers analyzed octopods with a variety of instruments, including Rice's new Titan Themis microscope, one of the most powerful electron microscopes in the nation. "We confirmed that even though we put palladium on a particle, it's still capable of doing everything that a similar gold shape would do. That's really a big deal," she said.
"If you shine a light on these nanoparticles, it creates strong electric fields. Those fields enhance the catalysis, but they also report on the catalysis and the molecules present at the surface of the particles," Ringe said.
The researchers used electron energy loss spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to make 3-D maps of the electric fields produced by exciting the plasmons. They found that strong fields were produced at the palladium-rich tips, where plasmons were the least likely to be excited.
Ringe expects further research will produce multifunctional nanoparticles in a variety of shapes that can be greatly refined for applications. Her own Rice lab is working on a metal catalyst to turn inert petroleum derivatives into backbone molecules for novel drugs.
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Co-authors of the paper are Christopher DeSantis and Sara Skrabalak of Indiana University; Sean Collins and Paul Midgley of the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Martial Duchamp and Rafal Dunin-Borkowski of the Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and the Peter Grünberg Institute, Jülich, Germany.
The research was supported by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Program, the European Research Council, the Royal Society, Trinity Hall Cambridge, a University of Cambridge Gates Fellowship and the National Science Foundation.
Read the paper at http://www.nature.com/articles/srep17431
This news release can be found online at http://news.rice.edu/2015/11/30/tiny-octopods-catalyze-bright-ideas/
Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews
Video:
CAPTION FOR VIDEO: Three-dimensional images of an octopod nanoparticle of gold and palladium were captured at Rice University's electron microscopy center and animated. The research proved that plasmonic nanoparticles can support catalysts without losing their beneficial optical properties. Such alloys could make industrial processes more efficient or enable sun-driven chemical reactions. (Credit: Ringe Group/Rice University)
Related Materials:
Emilie Ringe Group: http://ringegroup.rice.edu/bio/
Rice Department of Material Science and NanoEngineering: https://msne.rice.edu
Images for download:
http://news.rice.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1123_PLASMON-1-web.jpg
Rice University scientist Emilie Ringe, working at Rice's electron microscopy center, led a new study to establish that plasmonic nanoparticles can support catalysts without losing their beneficial optical properties. (Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University)
http://news.rice.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1123_PLASMON-2-web.jpg
Drawings and maps detail the localized surface plasmon resonances in gold-palladium octopod nanoparticles created at Rice University. The light-driven oscillations on the surface, especially at the tips, help define and enhance the ability of the palladium catalysts. (Credit: Ringe Group/Rice University)
http://news.rice.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1123_PLASMON-3-web.jpg
A scanning electron transmission microscope image shows an octopod, left, created at Rice University that has both plasmonic and catalytic abilities. At right is an illustration of the octopod, which has a gold core and a gold-palladium alloy surface. The scale bar is 50 nanometers. (Credit: Ringe Group/Rice University)
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David Ruth
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Mike Williams
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Journal
Scientific Reports