Student collaboration leads to first results describing sick sea star immune response

Though millions of sea stars along the West Coast have perished in the past several years from an apparent wasting disease, scientists still don't know why. The iconic marine creature develops white lesions on its limbs and within days can dissolve or "melt" into a gooey mass.

Last year, researchers identified a type of pathogen known as a densovirus as the likely cause, but they still can't explain the mass die-off three years ago or why a common ocean virus can wreak havoc on so many starfish species from Alaska to Southern California.

Now, a group of young marine-disease researchers from around the country has contributed key information about the sea stars' immune response when infected with this virus.

The students, while taking a summer class at the University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratories, looked specifically at how genes expressed themselves in both healthy and sick sea stars. It's the first time researchers have tracked how the genes behave when encountering this naturally occurring pathogen, which could help explain how sea stars attempt to fight the virus and why they develop lesions and appear to melt.

The researchers published their findings in the journal PLOS ONE in July.

"Doing this study isn't going to save the sea stars, but from an ecological perspective, it provides new information," said Steven Roberts, a UW associate professor of aquatic and fishery sciences. "This could be a building block for future studies on the evolution of immune repertoires."

Roberts co-taught the five-week course summer 2014 with the UW's Carolyn Friedman, an associate professor of aquatic and fishery sciences, and Drew Harvell, a professor at Cornell University, with a focus on publishing results, methods and observations online using the Open Notebook Science Network.

Students tracked their progress and discoveries through regular blog posts and videos, and all of their code and analyses are available for anyone to see and reproduce. This transparency, combined with the rigorous, all-consuming five weeks at Friday Harbor Labs, made it a useful and memorable experience, students said.

"I learned so much about open science and the idea of having open lab notebooks, where everything is available. That has had the biggest impact on how I do my science," said co-author Sarah Gignoux-Wolfsohn, a doctoral student at Northeastern University. "Open science was really integral to us being able to work on this paper together."

Sharing their results in a paper published in open-access journal PLOS ONE was an added bonus for this particularly driven group of students, Roberts said. The paper-writing and submission process all happened after class ended for the summer.

"This was clearly the most experienced, ambitious group we've had in this course," Roberts said. "All of them certainly were dedicated to get it done."

The eight students who share lead authorship on the paper met for hours on video conference calls, talking through specific details of the paper. The students -- from the University of Texas at Arlington, Pennsylvania State University, University of California, Santa Cruz and others -- all contributed equally to writing and editing the manuscript, housed as a shared Google document, which is a rare approach in today's academic publishing world.

"I work in smaller groups or with researchers from only one or two institutions for most of my projects," said co-author Allison Tracy, a doctoral student at Cornell. "This was really interesting because we were able to collaborate across so many different backgrounds and institutions."

Before the students arrived at Friday Harbor Labs, the course instructors and research assistants collected sea stars from four sites in Washington, then infected some with the virus. They sent the samples away to get RNA data for each group of sea stars, then the students analyzed those data during class.

The students started by looking at 30,000 genes from healthy and sick sea stars. They found that sick sea stars expressed genes differently than healthy ones, and they saw strong evidence of an immune response at the genetic level among infected sea stars. They also found that some of the genes involved in the nervous system and tissue-building were expressed differently in sick and healthy sea stars, which could help scientists better understand how the disease wreaks havoc on the sea stars' bodies.

Researchers now suspect certain environmental conditions or perhaps water temperature contribute to the rate of disease or how effectively the sea stars can fight it off. As scientists around the country shift to monitoring sea star populations as well as studying the genetic code of the densovirus, they hopefully can use this initial characterization of how sea stars respond to disease, Roberts said.

"This gives us a bit of insight into what's going on," Roberts said. "One could argue that in the long term, this information could be used to build upon."

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Other co-authors are Lauren Fuess of the University of Texas at Arlington; Morgan Eisenlord, Reyn Yoshioka, Colleen Burge, Ian Hewson and Harvell of Cornell; Collin Closek of Penn State; Ruth Mauntz of San Diego State University; Monica Moritsch of UC Santa Cruz; Paul Hershberger of the U.S. Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center; and Friedman and Roberts of the UW.

This research was funded by the National Science Foundation's Ecology of Infectious Marine Diseases Research Coordination Network Workshop.

For more information, contact Roberts at sr320@uw.edu or 206-866-5141.

Grant number: OCE #1215977

Posted with photos: http://www.washington.edu/news/2015/10/07/student-collaboration-leads-to-first-results-describing-sick-sea-star-immune-response/

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