image: The frequency and activity of convential T cells serves as an early childhood immune signature that predicts the development of asthma later on. iNKT cells are shown in green, lung vasculature in red and cell nuclei in blue. view more
Credit: Dr. Catherine Crosby, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
LA JOLLA, CA--Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by the interplay of genetics, environmental factors and a diverse cast of immune cells. In their latest study, researchers at La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI) identified a subset of T cells, whose frequency serves as early childhood immune signature that predicts the risk of developing asthma later on.
"We found what I would consider very strong biomarkers for those children who are most likely to develop asthma as they get older," says senior author Mitchell Kronenberg, Ph.D, president and chief scientific officer of La Jolla Institute. "Children who, at the age of one, had a higher frequency of so called MAIT cells appear to be less likely to develop asthma by the age of seven."
Consistent with the "hygiene hypothesis," which holds that increased microbial exposure in the first years of life is protective for asthma, the team's findings also indicate that the presence of house dust components that stimulate the innate immune system decreases asthma risk. "We are not advocating for dirt and we don't know enough about the microbiome to know which aspects are beneficial," says Kronenberg, "but as we learn more it is feasible that one day the protective components could even be taken in pill form."
The study, published in this week's online edition of the Journal of Immunology, was part of the larger Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA) study funded by the National Institutes of Health. Initiated in 2005, the study follows 560 families from four disadvantaged urban areas who are at high risk for asthma to uncover potential risk factors that contribute to increased asthma rate in children growing up in impoverished neighborhoods.
Postdoctoral researcher and co-first author Shilpi Chandra, Ph.D., and her colleagues were particularly interested in MAIT cells (short for mucosal-associated invariant T cells) and their brethren, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Both cell types are an integral part of the innate immune response, which reacts almost immediately to foreign invaders.
Unlike conventional T cells, which belong to the adaptive arm of the immune response and take a few days before they are fully trained on a single, specific protein fragment or peptide antigen, MAIT and iNKT cells recognize molecular components common to many microbes.
The team analyzed the frequency of different types of immune cells in blood collected from 110 one year-old study participants, the presence of immune-stimulatory components in the subjects' house dust and asked whether any of the factors correlated with an increased of asthma at age seven.
"We found certain immune signatures such as having more MAITs that are protective," says Chandra. "In humans MAIT cells are unique in that they are borne to make gamma interferon, which could help skew the immune system toward an asthma-protective Th1 immune response."
And while the absolute numbers of iNKT cells had no bearing on asthma risk, the iNKT cell antigenic content in house dust from subjects' houses did. "iNKT activity reflects a home environment with increased microbe exposure and therefore protection from asthma," says Shilpi.
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The study was funded in part by the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Health and Human Services Grant R37 AI71922 and under Contracts NO1-AI-25496, NO1-AI-25482, HHSN272200900052C, HHSN2722010000521, 1UM1AI114271-01, and UM2AI117870. Additional support was provided by Grants 5T32AI007007, RR00052, M01RR00533, 1UL1RR025771, M01RR00071, 1UL1RR024156, 5UL1RR024992-02, and UM1 AI114271.
Full citation:
Shilpi Chandra, Gerhard Wingender, Jason A. Greenbaum, Archana Khurana, Amin M. Gholami, Anusha P. Ganesan, Michael Rosenbach, Katy Jaffee, James E. Gern, Robert Wood, George O'Connor, Megan Sandel, Meyer Kattan, Leonard Bacharier, Alkis Togias, Anthony A. Horner, and Mitchell Kronenberg. "Development of asthma in inner-city children: Possible roles of MAIT cells and variation in the home environment." Journal of Immunology, 2018.
Doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701525
About La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology is dedicated to understanding the intricacies and power of the immune system so that we may apply that knowledge to promote human health and prevent a wide range of diseases. Since its founding in 1988 as an independent, nonprofit research organization, the Institute has made numerous advances leading toward its goal: life without disease.
Journal
The Journal of Immunology