More than 2 billion people - nearly one out of every three humans on earth, including about 60 million people in the United States - have a lifelong infection with the brain-dwelling parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
In the September 13, 2017, issue of Scientific Reports, 32 researchers from 16 institutions describe efforts to learn how infection with this parasite may alter, and in some cases amplify, several brain disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases as well as some cancers.
When a woman gets infected with T. gondii during pregnancy and passes the parasite on to her unborn child, the consequences can be profound, including devastating damage to the brain, nervous system and eyes.
There is growing evidence, however, that acquiring this infection later in life may be far from harmless. So the researchers began looking for connections between this chronic but seemingly dormant infection and its potential to alter the course of common neurologic disorders.
"We wanted to understand how this parasite, which lives in the brain, might contribute to and shed light on pathogenesis of other, brain diseases," said Rima McLeod, MD, professor of ophthalmology & visual science and pediatrics and medical director of the Toxoplasmosis Center at the University of Chicago.
"We suspect it involves multiple factors," she said. "At the core is alignment of characteristics of the parasite itself, the genes it expresses in the infected brain, susceptibility genes that could limit the host's ability to prevent infection, and genes that control susceptibility to other diseases present in the human host. Other factors may include pregnancy, stress, additional infections, and a deficient microbiome. We hypothesized that when there is confluence of these factors, disease may occur."
For more than a decade, researchers have noted subtle behavior manipulations associated with a latent T. gondii infection. Rats and mice that harbor this parasite, for example, lose their aversion to the smell of cat urine. This is perilous for a rodent, making it easier for cats to catch and eat them. But it benefits cats, who gain a meal, as well as the parasites, who gain a new host, who will distribute them widely into the environment. An acutely infected cat can excrete up to 500 million oocysts in a few weeks' time. Even one oocyst, which can remain in soil or water for up to a year, is infectious.
A more recent study found a similar connection involving primates. Infected chimpanzees lose their aversion to the scent of urine of their natural predator, leopards.
The research team decided to search for similar effects in people. They focused on what they call the human "infectome" - plausible links between the parasite's secreted proteins, expressed human microRNAs, the neural chemistry of the human host, and the multiple pathways that are perturbed by host-parasite interactions.
Using data collected from the National Collaborative Chicago-Based Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study, which has diagnosed, treated and followed 246 congenitally infected persons and their families since 1981, they performed a "comprehensive systems analysis," looking at a range of parasite-generated biomarkers and assessing their probable impact.
Working with the J Craig Venter Institute and the Institute of Systems Biology Scientists, they looked at the effect of infections of primary neuronal stem cells from the human brain in tissue culture, focusing on gene expression and proteins perturbed. Part of the team, including Huan Ngo from Northwestern University, Hernan Lorenzi at the J Craig Venter Institute, Kai Wang and Taek-Kyun Kim at the Institute for Systems Biology and McLeod, integrated host genetics, proteomics, transcriptomics and circulating microRNA datasets to build a model of these effects on the human brain.
Using what they called a "reconstruction and deconvolution," approach, the researchers identified perturbed pathways associated with neurodegenerative diseases as well as connections between toxoplasmosis, human brain disorders and some cancers.
They also found that:
- Small regulatory biomarkers - bits of microRNA or proteins found in children with severe toxoplasmosis - matched those found in patients with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease.
- The parasite was able to manipulate 12 human olfactory receptors in ways that mimicked the cat-mouse or the chimp-leopard exchange.
- Evidence that T. gondii could increase the risk of epilepsy, "possibly by altering GABAergic signaling."
- T. gondii infection was associated with a network of 1,178 human genes, many of which are modified in various cancers.
"Our results provide insights into mechanisms whereby this parasite could cause these associated diseases under some circumstances," the authors wrote. "This work provides a systems roadmap to design medicines and vaccines to repair and prevent neuropathological effects of T. gondii on the human brain."
"This study is a paradigm shifter," said co-author Dennis Steinler, PhD, director of the Neuroscience and Aging Lab at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University. "We now have to insert infectious disease into the equation of neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy and neural cancers."
"At the same time," he added, "we have to translate aspects of this study into preventive treatments that include everything from drugs to diet to life style, in order to delay disease onset and progression."
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This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Mann Cornwell Family, the Engel family, the Rooney, Drago, and the Morel families, and "Taking out Toxo." The Institute for Systems Biology is partially supported by research contracts from the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and the Department of Defense. The J. Craig Venter Institute sequencing and analysis was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases, as was parts of the work at the University of Chicago.
Additional authors include Ying Zhou, Kamal El Bissati, Ernest Mui, Laura Fraczek, Fiona L. Henriquez, Kelsey Wheeler, Ian Begeman, Carlos Naranjo-Galvis, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez and Shawn Withers from the University of Chicago; Huan Ngo, Gwendolyn Noble and Charles N. Swisher from Northwestern University; Hernan Lorenzi and Seesandra V. Rajagopala from the Craig Venter Institute; Kai Wang, Taek-Kyun Kim, Yong Zhou and Leroy Hood from the Institute of Systems Biology, Seattle; Craig W. Roberts from the 6University of Strathclyde, Glasgow; Alexandre Montpetit from Genome Quebec, Montréal, Canada; Jenefer Blackwell from McGill University; Sarra Jamieson from the University of Western Australia; Roderick Davis from the University of Illinois-Chicago, Liliana Soroceanu from California Pacific Medical Center, Charles Cobbs from Tufts University, Kenneth Boyer and Peter Heydemann from Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; Peter Rabiah from Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; and Patricia Soteropoulos from Rutgers University.
Journal
Scientific Reports