image: fMRI scans show 'hot spots' of human brain activity as subjects perform memory tasks. The brain contains 100 billion nerve cells, or neurons, with 100 trillion connections, or synapses. view more
Credit: Courtesy of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Researchers at the University of Arizona are developing a noninvasive brain-scanning technology that could produce images far superior to those obtained with the most commonly used systems -- electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The technique, which incorporates sound waves to measure electrical activity in neural tissue, could improve diagnosis and treatment of many disorders, including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and traumatic brain injury.
Russell Witte, associate professor of medical imaging, biomedical engineering and optical sciences, is principal investigator of the research project, launched in October 2015 with a $1.15 million grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The three-year project also includes researchers from the UA departments of psychology, neurosurgery, neurology, emergency medicine and mathematics, and from three other universities.
"We know very little about how neurons act collectively to guide our thoughts, emotions and behaviors -- or cause seizures or mood swings," Witte said. "Functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography have provided some clues. But both fMRI and EEG share a major limitation: They produce images with poor resolution. We think our new technology could overcome that limitation."
The project is part of the U.S. government's BRAIN Initiative, or Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies. BRAIN involves 80 public and private research institutions working together to map the human brain and build a model that reveals how individual nerve cells and complex neural circuits interact.
It's a daunting challenge.
The human brain has been called the final frontier of scientific research for its astonishing complexity. Each of our brains contains 100 billion nerve cells, or neurons, with 100 trillion connections, or synapses -- vastly higher numbers than the known number of stars. The Human Genome Project, by contrast, required mapping 20,000 genes.
Sound Science
Researchers have long known of the acoustoelectric effect, in which ultrasound energy alters a material's physical properties like electrical conductivity. Witte is one of the first researchers to apply the phenomenon to biomedical imaging. He has developed a noninvasive imaging technique for detecting irregular heartbeats and is working with Tech Launch Arizona, the UA office that commercializes inventions stemming from University research, to create a startup for acoustoelectric cardiac imaging.
With the new study, Witte takes his research into new terrain: the brain. He and co-investigators will develop and test the noninvasive technology, called acoustoelectric brain imaging, or ABI, on mammalian brains for the first time.
ABI involves applying ultrasound waves externally to the brain, where they interact with electrical currents to produce a "signature" wave that is picked up by an electrode attached outside the head. ABI can better localize the source of electrical activity than EEG, because it overcomes the problem of interference from the skull, and it works much faster than fMRI, which measures metabolic activity.
"Sensory input, thoughts and behaviors are happening so fast," said co-investigator and neuroscientist Stephen Cowen, UA assistant professor of psychology. "With speech or motor activity, many actions require split-second decisions -- actually, on the scale of tens of milliseconds. If a brain-imaging technology is working only in seconds -- fMRI, for example, can measure brain activity once every two seconds -- it may be missing some of the most important details."
Cowen added, "This is a very interesting adventure we're undertaking, because nobody knows what ABI will actually measure. Will it measure the activity of tens of thousands, or hundreds of thousands, of neurons? Will it detect the activity at a specific frequency, or at a range of frequencies?"
ABI could also provide a clearer picture of activity in structures deep in the brain, like the amygdala and hippocampus.
"There's an important diagnostic aspect to this, because if ABI can pick up abnormal electrical activity coming from these structures, it could reveal signatures for specific brain disorders, such as Parkinson's disease," Cowen said. "ABI could be a great technique for diagnosing traumatic brain injuries like concussion, or a noninvasive way to diagnose a seizure."
Clinical Possibilities
While still experimental, ABI technology could have many important clinical applications. For example, doctors might use it as an add-on device for an ultrasound machine.
Similar to how an obstetrician uses an ultrasound probe to see images of a fetus, a neurologist might hold the UA-created transducer to a person's head to see images of electrical activity in a particular neural circuit. A single electrode on the head would pick up the activity and convert it digitally in real time for projection on a display monitor, perhaps, or under a microscope.
ABI might also help a brain surgeon determine which tissue to remove to reduce seizures in a patient with epilepsy. Or it might help a neurologist monitor a drug's effectiveness in reducing electrical spikes that cause hallucinations in a patient with schizophrenia.
However it is used, Witte said, ABI could be a safe and effective tool for diagnosing and treating devastating neurological and psychiatric disorders, and for revolutionizing our understanding of the human brain -- one of the federal government's Grand Challenges of the 21st century.
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The NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health supported this research under Grant No. 1R24MH109060-01 as part of the BRAIN Initiative: Planning for Next Generation Human Brain Imaging.
The UA co-investigators are Lars Furenlid (medical imaging), Stephen Cowen (psychology), Martin Weinand, Michael Bernas and Torsten Falk (neurosurgery, surgery, and neurology), Kurt Denninghoff (emergency medicine) and Leonid Kunyansky (mathematics).