image: Vultures feasting. view more
Credit: Raptors Botswana
A third of all vultures caught and tested in the Botswana study showed elevated levels of lead in their blood, most likely due to ingesting lead bullet-contaminated flesh. Hunters' bullets shatter inside their prey and can then be absorbed into the blood stream of the vultures when they feed on these animals or their remains. This ingested lead is highly toxic to birds.
"We were all shocked by how widespread lead poisoning was for this population and just how clearly these elevated levels were associated with recreational hunting activity", said Dr Arjun Amar, Associate Professor from the University of Cape Town's FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, who supervised the research.
The study, published this week in the international journal Science of the Total Environment, is based on tests of nearly 600 critically endangered African White-backed Vultures. Higher lead levels were found in the blood of vultures in the hunting season and in hunting areas, suggesting that the source of the lead in their blood stream was lead bullets used for hunting.
"The only logical explanation for the patterns of lead poisoning we observed is if lead bullets were the source of this contamination" said the study's lead author Beckie Garbett, who conducted the research as part of her PhD.
The four-year study was conducted jointly with Raptors Botswana, a conservation NGO. It has prompted a call for a national ban on lead bullets in the hope of minimising negative impacts on vulture populations, which are declining throughout Africa. Previous vulture studies linked declines in several species across the continent to mass poisoning, usually by farmers trying to kill other predators, or poachers deliberately trying to kill vultures for fear they might give away their location.
Researchers believe alternative non-lead ammunition, already adopted in some countries, could provide a helping hand to vultures. "Whilst lead poisoning may not be the main driver for the declines in vultures across Africa, it is something that can be tackled more easily through simple legislation, as compared to stopping the illegal actions of livestock owners or poachers" Amar said.
Lead poisoning was one of the main reasons for the near extinction of the Californian Condor and is known to increase mortality and reduce breeding performance in birds. Thus, shattered fragments of bullets left in the carcasses of big game animals on the African savannahs could also be accelerating the decline of vultures.
The latest research also suggests that the 2014 ban on hunting on government owned land in Botswana has had no effect on the lead levels in vultures. Lead levels in vultures actually increased after the ban, and the researchers believe vultures may have shifted their foraging to private game farms where hunting is still allowed: "Hunting may have become more concentrated after the ban and this might explain the increase in lead levels in vultures following the ban, since the vultures may have tapped more into this food supply. We also need to consider that because vultures range so widely, they are exposed to lead use throughout the region, therefore mitigation of this issue needs to be addressed at a regional level" Garbett said.
The authors of the study have called for greater awareness among policy makers of the threat that lead ammunition may pose to vultures. The Convention for Migratory Species (CMS) has also urged all signature countries to phase out the use of lead ammunition. Whilst Botswana is one of the few countries yet to sign the convention, the authors urge policymakers there to implement this call. "To do so is particularly important for species like vultures that range widely across international borders," the study said.
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Notes to editors:
1) The full reference for the paper is: Rebecca Garbett, Glyn Maude, Pete Hancock, David Kenny, Richard Reading & Arjun Amar. 2018. Association between hunting and elevated blood lead levels in the critically endangered African white-backed vulture Gyps africanus. Science of the Total Environment.
2) For more information, contact Dr Arjun Amar, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, NRF-DST Centre of Excellence, Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, email: arjun.amar@uct.ac.uk , tel: +27 (0)21 6503304 or +27 (0)795855603; or Ms Beckie Garbett , email: vulturesinbots@hotmail.co.uk, tel: +267 72358924 who can also supply the paper and other potential photos
3) Photo 1 - copyright Raptors Botswana. Photo 2 and 3 - copyright Beckie Garbett.
4) The work was funded by Denver Zoological Foundation, Rufford Grant, Leslie Brown Memorial Fund, Wilderness Wildlife Trust, Mohammed bin Zayed, the National Research Foundation of South Africa and the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence grant to the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town.
5) The FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, is a DST-NRF Centre of Excellence based within the Biological Sciences Department at the University of Cape Town. The mission of the institute is to promote and undertake scientific studies involving birds, and contribute to the practice affecting the maintenance of biological diversity and the sustained use of biological resources.
6) Raptors Botswana formed in 2012, is an NGO that works primarily with vultures under Kalahari Research and Conservation. The Raptors Botswana team conducts research and runs community education programs in Botswana.
7) A premier academic meeting point between South Africa, Africa and the world, the University of Cape Town is dedicated to generating new solutions for major societal challenges and focuses on research that can change lives, especially the lives of people in Africa. Founded in 1829, UCT is the oldest teaching university in South Africa. Today it is the highest-ranking university in Africa and has over 100,000 alumni. For more information, visit http://www.uct.ac.za.
Journal
The Science of The Total Environment