African American adolescents who experience high levels of racial discrimination show cellular wear and tear, according to new research published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. The research indicated that a supportive family environment may protect against these negative physiological effects.
"These findings are novel because they show that racial discrimination predicts the premature aging of cell and tissues," says lead researcher Gene Brody of the University of Georgia. "But the findings also show that families can play a protective role, serving as a shield that keeps racial discrimination from changing children's bodies by 'getting under the skin.'"
Research has shown that stressful experiences build over time, producing a cumulative effect that "weathers" physiological systems, including the premature aging of cells. Brody and colleagues wanted to know whether adolescents exposed to racial discrimination--a persistent experience for many African Americans--would show this kind of physiological weathering and whether the family environment might serve as a protective factor.
"There were hints that families that check in about the goings-on and stress their teenagers are dealing with, talk about them, and share different ways of handling them would have teenagers whose cells and tissues would be less likely to show the biological costs of racial discrimination," explains Brody.
Brody and colleagues examined data from a total of 616 adolescents drawn from two longitudinal studies in rural Georgia. The participants were randomly selected from lists of students provided by schools in the rural communities and the researchers measured racial discrimination and family support over a period of 3 years when the participants were in late adolescence.
The adolescents completed a nine-item measure intended to gauge the extent of perceived racial discrimination, including any racially-based slurs, disrespectful treatment from community members, false accusations from business employees or law-enforcement officials, and physical threats experienced within the past year.
The participants' parents also completed surveys designed to assess parental emotional support, parent-child conflict, and disorganization in the home. These were combined into one measure such that high scores indicated family environments that had high levels emotional support and predictability and low levels of conflict.
To assess cellular aging, the researchers analyzed the adolescents' blood samples for a biomarker indicating epigenetic changes to the DNA of particular cells in the immune system. These changes are typically associated with aging-related conditions, including DNA damage and tissue degradation. The values derived from this measure represent the discrepancy between participants' apparent cellular age and their actual chronological age.
Data from both samples revealed that the relationship between experiences of discrimination and cellular aging depended on the participants' family environment, in line with the researchers' hypothesis. For youth who came from families with low support, a high level of discrimination was associated with accelerated cellular aging. However, there was no link between discrimination and cellular aging among adolescents who came from supportive family environments.
The pattern of findings held even after the researchers took various additional factors--including participants' gender, socioeconomic status, perceived life stress, depressive symptoms, and body mass index--into account.
"The findings in this study, and others involving other racial and ethnic groups, serve as a reminder that family environments affect not only characteristics of children and adolescents that we can see, but their reach also extends to their children's cells and tissues as well," says Brody.
Brody and colleagues plan to follow the participants over time to better understand how families, schools, and communities contribute to children's and adolescents resilience, both "above and below their skin."
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Co-authors on the research include Gregory E. Miller and Edith Chen of Northwestern University and Tianyi Yu and Steven R. H. Beach of the University of Georgia.
This research was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD030588) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30 DA027827).
For more information about this study, please contact: Gene Brody at gbrody@uga.edu.
The article abstract are available online: http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/02/24/0956797615626703.abstract
For a copy of the article "Supportive Family Environments Ameliorate?the Link Between Racial Discrimination and Epigenetic Aging: A Replication Across Two Longitudinal Cohorts" and access to other Psychological Science research findings, please contact Anna Mikulak at 202-293-9300 or amikulak@psychologicalscience.org.
Journal
Psychological Science