NEW YORK (April 25, 2010) -- Researchers at the Ansary Stem Cell Institute and the Department of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College discovered that mice missing a single gene developed repetitive obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors. The genetically altered mice, which behaved much like people with a certain type of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), could help scientists design new therapies for this debilitating condition.
The researchers made this serendipitous discovery while looking at the role of a gene, called Slitrk5, which they had earlier linked to blood stem cells and vascular cells. In the April 25 online edition of Nature Medicine they report how, in follow-up studies, mice in which the gene was disabled ("knocked-out") demonstrated obsessive self-grooming and extreme anxiety. Further study showed that the frontal lobe-to-striatum circuitry of the brains of these mice were altered in the same ways that are implicated in OCD in humans.
This discovery links Slitrk5 to development of OCD-like behaviors, and offers scientists a new mouse model of the disorder, say the study's senior co-investigators, Dr. Shahin Rafii and Dr. Francis S.Y. Lee. Dr. Rafii is director of the Ansary Stem Cell Institute and professor in genetic medicine Weill Cornell Medical College and and an HHMI investigator. Dr. Lee is associate professor of psychiatry and pharmacology at the Medical College.
"Overall, our data suggest that Slitrk5 may have a central role in the development of the core symptoms of OCD -- self-injurious, repetitive behavior and increased anxiety," Dr. Rafii says. "Very few psychiatric disorders have been linked to a single gene, and it will be important to find out if patients with the disorder have an alteration of Slitrk5."
The findings may help scientists better understand both development and treatment for one or more of the several different types of human OCD behaviors, say Drs. Sergey Shmelkov and Adília Hormigo, the study's co-lead authors and members of the Ansary Stem Cell Institute. Dr. Shmelkov is an assistant research professor of genetic medicine, and Dr. Hormigo is an assistant professor of neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College and a neurologist at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center.
"We can't draw direct parallels between mice and humans, because OCD behavior in mice shows up as excessive self-grooming, and in humans there is a broad spectrum of behaviors, from hand-washing to other compulsive actions as well as obsessive thoughts," says Dr. Lee. "But our finding of altered brain functioning suggests a very strong link at this point to some of the issues seen in humans."
The research team cannot say why a gene found in blood stem cells and vascular cells could be implicated in a behavioral brain disorder, but they speculate that "cross-talk" between the vascular system in the brain and neurons in brain tissue may be the link.
Dr. Rafii and his colleagues had previously identified Slitrk5 in the progenitor stem cells that create blood, and they subsequently demonstrated that the protein created by this gene is expressed in leukemia, embryonic stem cells, and in subsets of endothelial cells, which are the basic building blocks for the circulatory system.
In this study, the researchers were looking at the effects created when the Slitrk5 gene was "knocked out" in laboratory mice and replaced with a "reporter" gene. "We did this because we wanted to look at the effect on the blood system, which is what we are primarily interested in," says Dr. Shmelkov. "But we didn't find anything, which was frustrating."
But then Dr. Shmelkov and Dr. Hormigo noticed that some of the knockout mice began to develop facial lesions, and over time, all of the mice without Slitrk5 eventually developed the same skin issues. They also noticed that the mice were hyperactive and seemed to groom themselves a lot. The researchers videotaped this behavior and quantified it, and found that the knockout mice groomed themselves significantly more than did wild-type mice, which served as the experimental control. A set of follow-up experiments with scientists from Dr. Lee's laboratory, Dr. Kevin Bath and Iva Dincheva, concluded that the mice were also considerably more anxious compared with control mice.
The scientists gave Prozac, a standard drug used in the treatment for patients with OCD, to both sets of mice, and found that excessive grooming stopped completely in the experimental animals. "Now that we have this mouse model, we can test new therapies for OCD that can ultimately be applied to humans," says Dr. Hormigo. "We know Prozac works to ameliorate some OCD symptoms in humans -- the drug also worked for our OCD mice -- but the effect can be temporary and more targeted treatments are needed."
The researchers then looked at brain function in the mice. By examining activity of the reporter gene that was substituted for Slitrk5 in knockout mice, they found that the gene was active throughout the brain, but excessively active in one part of the frontal cortex. Dr. Francis Lee's group, which included co-lead authors Dr. Deqiang Jing and Catia Proenca, then performed sophisticated analyses and discovered structural abnormalities in a related brain region, the striatum, an area of the brain involved in reward and decision-making. Neurons within the striatum were less complex than in normal brain tissue, which is an issue because these neurons act like a hub that receives and transmits input to and from the cortex, says Dr. Jing. Further investigation demonstrated that the level of glutamate receptors in these particular neurons was decreased, compared with control mice. "These molecular findings suggest that this gene plays a unique, unexpected role in modifying glutamate neurotransmission in this particular circuit," says Ms. Proenca.
Other researchers have created mouse models of other types of OCD as recently as 2007. However, for the first time, the findings involving Slitrk5 by Drs. Rafii, Lee and their teams are consistent with imaging studies in humans with OCD that implicate dysregulation of corticostriatal circuitry in the disorder.
"This work is an unexpected off-shoot from stem cell science into the realm of psychiatry, and could potentially have major application for treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases," says Dr. Rafii.
In addition to scientists from Weill Cornell Medical College, researchers from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, N.Y.; and New York University's Langone Medical Center contributed to the work.
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health, Burroughs Wellcome Foundation, International Mental Health Research Organization, the Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, DeWitt-Wallace Fund of the New York Community Trust, Pritzker Consortium, National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, Mildred-Scheel-Stiftung, Deutsche Krebshilfe, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Anbinder Foundation, Newman's Own Foundation, Qatar National Priorities Research Program, Empire State Stem Cell Board, and a grant from the New York State Department of Health.
Ansary Stem Cell Institute
The Ansary Stem Cell Institute, established at Weill Cornell Medical College in 2004 through the generous donation of Shahla and Hushang Ansary, brings together a premier team of scientists to focus on stem cells -- the primitive, unspecialized cells with an unrivaled capacity to form all types of cells, tissues and organs in the body. The vision of the Ansary Institute is to help lead the way in 21st-century medicine by employing this new field of research with tremendous potential to relieve human suffering. The Institute permits the multidisciplinary collaboration and creativity of Weill Cornell's researchers, as well as helps to attract the best and brightest young researchers in the field. Scientists at the Institute hope to discover the wellspring of adult stem cells in the body and ways to manipulate them to treat human illness. In particular, they hope to understand the regulation of cells that give rise to such essential components as blood vessels, insulin-producing cells in the pancreas (which are damaged in diabetics), and neurons of the brain and nervous system.
Weill Cornell Medical College
Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University's medical school located in New York City, is committed to excellence in research, teaching, patient care and the advancement of the art and science of medicine, locally, nationally and globally. Physicians and scientists of Weill Cornell Medical College are engaged in cutting-edge research from bench to bedside, aimed at unlocking mysteries of the human body in health and sickness and toward developing new treatments and prevention strategies. In its commitment to global health and education, Weill Cornell has a strong presence in places such as Qatar, Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria and Turkey. Through the historic Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, the Medical College is the first in the U.S. to offer its M.D. degree overseas. Weill Cornell is the birthplace of many medical advances -- including the development of the Pap test for cervical cancer, the synthesis of penicillin, the first successful embryo-biopsy pregnancy and birth in the U.S., the first clinical trial of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease, and most recently, the world's first successful use of deep brain stimulation to treat a minimally conscious brain-injured patient. Weill Cornell Medical College is affiliated with NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, where its faculty provides comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center. The Medical College is also affiliated with the Methodist Hospital in Houston, making Weill Cornell one of only two medical colleges in the country affiliated with two U.S.News & World Report Honor Roll hospitals. For more information, visit www.med.cornell.edu.
Journal
Nature Medicine