Introducing "biosimilar" versions of complex biologic drugs used to treat illnesses such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis could cut health care spending in the United States by $54 billion over the next decade, according to new analysis from the RAND Corporation.
The savings estimate is about 20 percent larger than a similar analysis done by RAND researchers three years ago, representing both improved analysis methods and rapid growth in spending for biologics overall.
"Biologics account for the fastest-growing segment of prescription drug spending, but biosimilars have the potential to help slow some of the increase," said Andrew Mulcahy, lead author of the study and a policy researcher at RAND, a nonprofit research organization. "However, there remains many important industry, regulatory and policy decisions to be made that will influence whether such savings are realized."
Biologics are complex, protein-based drugs manufactured in living systems and include insulin, monoclonal antibodies to block inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, and a range of drugs to treat cancer, multiple sclerosis and other serious diseases.
While biologics are important treatments for many conditions, they often are expensive and patient copays for the treatments can be several thousand dollars per year. While 1 percent to 2 percent of the nation's population is treated with a biologic each year, the drugs accounted for 38 percent of prescription drug spending in 2015. In addition, biologics accounted for 70 percent of the growth in prescription drug spending in the U.S. between 2010 and 2015.
Biosimilars are very similar to already approved "reference" biologics in terms of potency, safety and efficacy, but manufactured by different companies. Biosimilars can be approved for marketing by the federal Food and Drug Administration after the manufacturer of the reference biologic enjoys several years of patent and exclusivity protection.
The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act, enacted as part of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, authorized the FDA to create a new approval pathway for biosimilars with the goal of promoting competition. This new pathway is faster and less costly for biosimilar developers.
RAND researchers developed their estimate of savings from biosimilars by examining other studies that have examined the issue, reviewing the sales history of more than 100 biologic drugs and examining the brief experience of the one biosimilar drug that has been marketed in the U.S.
RAND researchers estimate that that biosimilars will cut spending on biologics by about 3 percent over the next decade. The range of the new savings estimate given reasonable ranges of key assumptions -- like the price of biosimilars versus reference biologics and biosimilar market share -- varied from $24 billion to $150 billion from 2018 through 2027.
While expected to produce less-dramatic savings than an earlier generation of less-complex generic drugs, the introduction of biosimilars into the U.S. marketplace is expected to increase competition and drive down prices, resulting in savings for patients, health care payers and taxpayers. Lower costs also could improve access to biologic drugs, which could lead to higher spending overall unless the treatments helped lower hospitalizations or other costs.
"The actual savings hinge on the evolving competitive landscape in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory decisions, and insurer efforts to promote biosimilar uptake through payment rates and other strategies," Mulcahy said. "Future research will be needed as more biosimilars come to market to see whether savings are realized and who benefits from any reductions in spending."
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Support for the research was provided by Sandoz Inc., a Novartis company.
The perspective, "Biosimilar Cost Savings in the U.S.: Initial Experience and Future Potential," is available at http://www.rand.org. Other authors of the study are Jakub P. Hlávka and Spencer Case.
RAND Health is the nation's largest independent health policy research program, with a broad research portfolio that focuses on health care costs, quality and public health preparedness, among other topics.