image: A fiber is placed between the pages of an old book to collect odors. view more
Credit: Adapted from <i>ACS Sensors</i> <b>2019</b>, DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01279
Old books give off a complex mélange of odors, ranging from pleasant (almonds, caramel and chocolate) to nasty (formaldehyde, old clothes and trash). Detecting early signs of paper degradation could help guide preservation efforts, but most techniques destroy the very paper historians want to save. Now, researchers reporting in ACS Sensors have developed an electronic nose that can non-destructively sniff out odors emitted by books of different paper compositions, conditions and ages.
Paper is made primarily of cellulose, along with other plant components, and additives that improve the paper's properties. Cellulose is resistant to ageing, but the other paper components are much more vulnerable to degradation by heat, humidity and UV light. Before 1845, paper was made mainly from cotton and linen rags, which were relatively pure forms of cellulose and therefore quite stable. Then, in 1845, inventors developed a process to make paper from wood-pulp fibers. This paper is less durable than that made from cotton, but wood is cheaper and more readily available. In 1980, the advent of acid-free paper was a boon to preservationists because it degrades much more slowly than acidic wood-pulp paper. Marta Veríssimo, M. Teresa Gomes and colleagues wanted to develop an electronic nose that could non-destructively detect early signs of paper degradation from the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) books emit.
The researchers collected 19 books published from 1567 to 2016. They classified the books by time period, paper composition, color and visible state. Then, the researchers collected VOCs released from the books and detected the gases with an electronic nose containing six sensors that selectively bound different VOCs. The electronic nose clearly distinguished between paper from cotton or linen rags and paper from wood, as well as among books from three different time periods. Unexpectedly, some books published after 1990 still contained acidic paper, which the sensor discriminated from books with acid-free paper. And finally, the device sniffed out yellowing books, and new and used books from the same time period. The sensitive new method could help identify books in need of preservation, as well as help protect books from VOCs emitted by their neighbors on a shelf.
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The authors acknowledge funding from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology.
The abstract that accompanies this study is available here.
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