Using Twitter and Google search trend data in the wake of the very limited U.S. Ebola outbreak of October 2014, a team of researchers from Arizona State University, Purdue University and Oregon State University have found that news media is extraordinarily effective in creating public panic.
Because only five people were ultimately infected yet Ebola dominated the U.S. media in the weeks after the first imported case, the researchers set out to determine mass media's impact on people's behavior on social media.
"Social media data have been suggested as a way to track the spread of a disease in a population, but there is a problem that in an emerging outbreak people also use social media to express concern about the situation," explains study team leader Sherry Towers of ASU's Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center. "It is hard to separate the two effects in a real outbreak situation."
In the case of the Ebola outbreak in the U.S., the team was confident that the Ebola-related social media data were due only to public concern or interest in the outbreak, and thus it was an unprecedented opportunity to study how news media may sow panic in a population.
The team collected data on millions of U.S. Ebola-related Google searches and tweets in October, related to phrases like "Ebola symptoms" and "Do I have Ebola?"
ASU mathematical epidemiologist Carlos Castillo-Chavez of the School of Human Evolution and Social Change in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences says, "When we compared the temporal patterns in these data to the patterns in the number of Ebola-related news stories that ran on major news networks, we found that the peaks and valleys in both almost exactly matched. We were amazed at how incredibly similar the temporal patterns were."
The team fit a mathematical contagion model for the spread of disease to the data and was able to show that the trends in the news media stories explained nearly all of the variation in the social media. News videos were highly effective at inciting public concern.
Each news clip inspired tens of thousands of Ebola-related tweets and Internet searches. In addition, the analysis noted a "boredom" effect, where after a few weeks Ebola-related news stories became less and less able to inspire people to perform Ebola-related Google searches or tweets.
"Mass Media and the Contagion of Fear: The Case of Ebola in America," which describes the study and presents the team's findings, appears in the June 11 edition of PLoS One.
Towers states that this study will be useful in future outbreak situations because it provides valuable insight into just how strongly news media can manipulate public emotions on a topic.
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National Science Foundation Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (NSF XSEDE) high-performance computing initiative for education allocation #DMS140043, U. S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) VACCINE Center award #2009-ST-061-CI0001-06, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) at the National Institutes of Health grant #1R01GM100471-01, the Western Alliance to Expand Student Opportunities (WAESO) Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (LSAMP) Bridge to the Doctorate (BD) National Science Foundation (NSF) "Multidisciplinary STEM Solutions LSAMP Bridge to the Doctorate" Grant #HRD-1401190
Journal
PLOS ONE