image: Silicon carbide nanotubes attached to separate silicon carbide fibers, used by NASA, entangle each other in this electron microscope image. The material created at Rice University is intended for a ceramic composite that would make rocket engines stronger, lighter and better able to withstand extreme heat. view more
Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University
HOUSTON - (March 30, 2017) - To stand up to the heat and pressure of next-generation rocket engines, the composite fibers used to make them should be fuzzy.
The Rice University laboratory of materials scientist Pulickel Ajayan, in collaboration with NASA, has developed "fuzzy fibers" of silicon carbide that act like Velcro and stand up to the punishment that materials experience in aerospace applications.
The fibers strengthen composites used in advanced rocket engines that have to withstand temperatures up to 1,600 degrees Celsius (2,912 degrees Fahrenheit). Ceramic composites in rockets now being developed use silicon carbide fibers to strengthen the material, but they can crack or become brittle when exposed to oxygen.
The Rice lab embedded silicon carbide nanotubes and nanowires into the surface of NASA's fibers. The exposed parts of the fibers are curly and act like the hooks and loops that make Velcro so valuable - but on the nanoscale.
The result, according to lead researchers Amelia Hart, a Rice graduate student, and Chandra Sekhar Tiwary, a Rice postdoctoral associate, creates very strong interlocking connections where the fibers tangle; this not only makes the composite less prone to cracking but also seals it to prevent oxygen from changing the fiber's chemical composition.
The work is detailed in the American Chemical Society journal Applied Materials and Interfaces.
The work began when Hart, who had been studying the growth of carbon nanotubes on ceramic wool, met Michael Meador, then a scientist at NASA's Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, at the kickoff reception for Rice's Materials Science and NanoEngineering Department. (Meador is now nanotechnology project manager at NASA's Game Changing Technologies program.)
That led to a fellowship in Cleveland and the chance to combine her ideas with those of NASA research engineer and paper co-author Janet Hurst. "She was partially converting silicon carbide from carbon nanotubes," Hart said. "We used her formulation and my ability to grow nanotubes and figured out how to make the new composite."
Back at Rice, Hart and her colleagues grew their hooks and loops by first bathing silicon carbide fiber in an iron catalyst and then using water-assisted chemical vapor deposition, a process developed in part at Rice, to embed a carpet of carbon nanotubes directly into the surface. These become the template for the final product. The fibers were then heated in silicon nanopowder at high temperature, which converts the carbon nanotubes to silicon carbide "fuzz."
The researchers hope their fuzzy fibers will upgrade the strong, light and heat-resistant silicon carbide fibers that, when put in ceramic composites, are being tested for robust nozzles and other parts in rocket engines. "The silicon carbide fiber they already use is stable to 1,600 C," Tiwary said. "So we're confident that attaching silicon carbide nanotubes and wires to add strength will make it even more cutting-edge."
The new materials should also make entire turbo engines significantly lighter, Hart said. "Before they used silicon carbide composites, many engine parts were made of nickel superalloys that had to incorporate a cooling system, which added weight to the whole thing," she said. "By switching to ceramic matrix composites, they could take out the cooling system and go to higher temperatures. Our material will allow the creation of larger, longer-lasting turbo jet engines that go to higher temperatures than ever before."
Friction and compression testing showed the lateral force needed to move silicon carbide nanotubes and wires over each other was much greater than that needed to slide past either plain nanotubes or unenhanced fibers, the researchers reported. They were also able to easily bounce back from high compression applied with a nano-indenter, which showed their ability to resist breaking down for longer amounts of time.
Tests to see how well the fibers handled heat showed plain carbon nanotubes burning away from the fibers, but the silicon carbide nanotubes easily resisted temperatures of up to 1,000 C.
Hart said the next step will be to apply her conversion techniques to other carbon nanomaterials to create unique three-dimensional materials for additional applications.
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David Ruth
713-348-6327
david@rice.edu
Mike Williams
713-348-6728
mikewilliams@rice.edu
Other co-authors of the paper are Rice alumni John Hamel and Thierry Tsafack, visiting student Yusuke Ito, graduate students Ryota Koizumi, Peter Samora Owuor, Sehmus Ozden and Kunttal Keyshar and faculty research fellow Robert Vajtai, all of Rice; Sanjit Bhowmik and S.A. Syed Asif of Hysitron Inc., Minneapolis, part of Bruker Corp.; and intern Rahul Mital of the NASA Glenn Research Center.
Ajayan is chair of Rice's Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, the Benjamin M. and Mary Greenwood Anderson Professor in Engineering and a professor of chemistry. The NASA Jenkins Fellowship and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research through its 3-D Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative grant supported the research.
Read the abstract at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.7b01378
This news release can be found online at http://news.rice.edu/2017/03/30/fuzzy-fibers-can-take-rockets-heat/
Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews
Related materials:
Ajayan Research Group: http://ajayan.rice.edu
Rice Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering: https://msne.rice.edu
Images for download:
http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/03/0403_FUZZY-1-WEB-13q0e22.jpg
Silicon carbide nanotubes attached to separate silicon carbide fibers, used by NASA, entangle each other in this electron microscope image. The material created at Rice University is intended for a ceramic composite that would make rocket engines stronger, lighter and better able to withstand extreme heat. (Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University)
http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/03/0403_FUZZY-2-WEB-t0xh0z.jpg
Carbon nanotubes grown on the silicon carbide fiber at left was burned with a lighter by researchers at Rice University. At right, the same fiber shows the nanotubes have been burned away. (Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University)
http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/03/0403_FUZZY-3-WEB-vimv20.jpg
A silicon carbide fiber enhanced with a carpet of "fuzzy" carbide nanotubes created at Rice University is shown at left. The same fiber with fuzz intact appears at right after researchers burned it with a lighter. (Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University)
http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/03/0403_FUZZY-4-WEB-1nappei.jpg
"Fuzzy" silicon carbide fibers used by NASA were enhanced at Rice University with silicon carbide nanotubes that act like hook-and-loop Velcro on the nanoscale. The material is intended to become part of a composite for stronger, lighter and more heat-resistant rocket engines and other aerospace materials. (Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University)
http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/03/0403_FUZZY-5-WEB-1iiofml.jpg
Rice University graduate student Amelia Hart holds "fuzzy" silicon carbide fibers enhanced with silicon carbide nanotubes that entangle each other when put inside a ceramic composite and add strength and resistance to extreme heat. (Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University)
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Journal
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces