Chronic illness causes less harm when carnivores cooperate

Gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park have given researchers the first scientific evidence from wild mammals that living in a group can lessen the impacts of a chronic disease. The research also is one of the first studies to measure the costs of infected non-human individuals of any species on members of their group. A paper describing the research will be published in Ecology Letters on May 18, 2015.

"Our research with wolves illustrates that social groups can help to offset the survival costs of infection with the parasite that causes mange," said Emily Almberg, a research scientist at Penn State University and the lead author of the study. "It suggests that social living might help individuals cope with a variety of other chronic conditions -- including other infections, physical injuries, or non-infectious diseases -- for which having access to supportive care and resources can make a big difference for survival."

The study revealed that wolves living alone while infected with mange had a death rate that was five times higher than uninfected wolves living alone. The study also revealed that wolves infected with mange that were living in a pack with at least five other healthy wolves had the same rate of death as their healthy companions. "Our hypothesis is that pack-mates are able to offset the survival costs of infection with mange -- and perhaps other infections -- by assisting with food acquisition and territory defense," said Peter Hudson, the senior author of the paper, director of the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences and Willaman Professor of Biology at Penn State, and a professor at the Nelson Mandela Institute in Tanzania.

The research also revealed that the size of the wolf pack did not predict the risk of individuals becoming infected with mange. But, Almberg said, there are other situations in which social living does come with an increased risk of disease transmission. "What we've under-appreciated in the past are the ways in which social species might compensate for this increased disease risk," she said. "In some cases, social species exhibit adaptive behavior to limit the spread of disease -- things like defending territories or having distinct social roles within the group that limit contact and therefore disease transmission, but our research has shown that group living can alleviate the actual cost of an infection as measured by survival rates."

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In addition to Almberg and Hudson, other members of the research team are Paul C. Cross of the U.S. Geological Survey, A. P. Dobson, of Princeton University and the Santa Fe Institute, D. W. Smith of the Yellowstone Wolf Project, M. C. Metz of the Yellowstone Wolf Project and University of Montana, and D R. Stahler of the Yellowstone Wolf Project.

The research was supported, in part, by a Park Oriented Biological Support grant from the U.S. Geological Survey, the National Park Service, and National Science Foundation grants DDIG-1311409, DEB-0613730, and DEB-1245373.

CONTACTS

Peter Hudson: pjh18@psu.edu, 1-814-865-6057

Emily Almberg: esa5046@psu.edu and emilysalmberg@gmail.com

Barbara Kennedy (PIO): science@psu.edu,1-814-863-4682

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