image: A-fib risk and sleep apnea. view more
Credit: ATS
ATS 2017, WASHINGTON, DC-- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may increase the risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF), according to new research presented at the ATS 2017 International Conference.
OSA is characterized by repetitive episodes of shallow or paused breathing during sleep that lead to a drop in blood oxygen level and disrupted sleep. AF is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias characterized by a rapid and irregular heart beat that can lead to stroke and related heart problems.
"There is strong biologic plausibility that obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk of developing atrial fibrillation through a number of mechanisms," said lead author Tetyana Kendzerska, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Ottawa in Canada. "There is emerging evidence from animals and smaller studies in humans that OSA may increase the chances of developing AF through oxidative stress, increased sympathetic activity, metabolic abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction and cardiac stretch from intrathoracic pressure swings."
Researchers in Canada reviewed the records of 8,256 adults (average age 47) referred with suspected OSA, but free of any physician-diagnosed heart rate abnormalities, including AF at baseline. Participants were followed for up to 13 years. During that time, 173 developed AF resulting in hospitalization.
Before controlling for established risk factors for AF, the researchers found that measures of OSA severity such as the number of times an individual partially or completely stopped breathing per hour of sleep and sleep time spent with oxygen saturation lower than normal (< 90 percent) were significant predictors of AF.
Those who developed AF were more likely to be older, current or former smokers and have a high level of comorbidities. After adjusting for these and other known risk factors, the authors found that oxygen desaturation in sleep, but not the number of times an individual stops breathing, remained a significant predictor of AF hospitalizations. They also found the association between oxygen desaturation and AF hospitalization was stronger in women than men.
"Other studies have shown that women with sleep apnea are at greater risk of cardiovascular consequences, including mortality," said senior author Richard S. Leung, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Toronto. "Greater endothelial dysfunction, higher propensity to develop pulmonary and systemic hypertension and impaired heart rate responses to autonomic challenges in women with OSA may explain these findings, but further studies are needed to confirm this finding and understand the potential mechanisms."
In their primary analysis, the researchers did not include hypertension. "Hypertension may be the causal pathway between OSA and AF, so including it might have diminished the association between OSA and AF," Dr. Kendzerska said. "However, in our secondary analysis, we did control for hypertension, and the association between oxygen desaturation and AF remained significant, suggesting that OSA can directly cause AF without the intermediate step of developing hypertension."
Study limitations include not having data on adherence to continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) treatment for OSA and whether a participant's hypertension was being treated or not. The authors are now analyzing data connecting OSA to emergency department visits for AF.
###
Contact for Media: Tetyana Kendzerska, MD. PhD, kendzerskaya@gmail.com
Abstract 3913
Sleep Apnea Increases the Risk of New Onset Atrial Fibrillation: A Clinical Cohort Study
Authors: T. Kendzerska1, A.S. Gershon2, C. Atzema2, G. Hawker1, R. Leung3; 1University of Toronto - Toronto, ON/CA,2Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute - Toronto, ON/CA, 3St. Michael's Hospital - Toronto, ON/CA
RATIONALE: Evidence for a causal relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and atrial fibrillation (AF) is limited and conflicting. In subjects free of any arrhythmias at baseline, we examined the association between the severity of OSA and incident AF controlling for known risk factors such as age, sex, smoking status, alcohol dependency/intoxication, prior congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary embolism/infarction. Since there is a possible causal relationship between OSA and hypertension, hypertension is in the causal pathway between OSA and AF. Thus, including hypertension in a model would diminish a true association.
METHODS: Clinical data on all adults referred with suspected OSA who underwent a first diagnostic sleep study at a large urban academic hospital (Toronto, Canada) between 1994 and 2010 linked to provincial health administrative data from 1991 to 2015 were included. Individuals with any diagnosis of arrhythmias at baseline were excluded. Our primary outcome was incident hospitalization with AF. Cox regressions were used to investigate the longitudinal association between OSA and hospitalized AF.
RESULTS: In total, 8,256 subjects were included in our analyses: median age of 47 years, 62% men, median AHI of 15 events per hour, and 28% had AHI>30. Over a median follow-up of 10 years (IQR: 7 - 13 years), 173 participants (2.1%) were hospitalized with AF. Participants with hospitalized AF in follow-up were more likely to be older, men, current or ex-smokers, had a higher level of comorbidities, and more severe OSA as measured by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) or degree of nocturnal oxygen desaturation.
In univariate analyses, AHI > 30 vs. AHI ?30 events/ hour and ? 10 vs. <10 min of sleep time spent with oxygen desaturation<90% were significant predictors of hospitalized AF: HR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.41-2.62 and HR = 2.81, 95%CI: 2.07-3.81, respectively. After controlling for known risk factors, sleep time spent with oxygen desaturation<90% remained significantly associated with hospitalized AF: HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.18-2.28 (Figure 1); this association was significantly (p=0.02) stronger in women compared to men.
CONCLUSIONS: In a large clinical cohort with suspected OSA free of any arrhythmias at baseline, sleep time spent with oxygen desaturation<90% was a significant independent predictor of incident hospitalization for AF over the next ten years. These findings support a causal relationship between OSA, chronic nocturnal hypoxemia and new onset atrial fibrillation.
Figure 1. Results from Cox regression presented as hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT:
Dacia Morris
dmorris@thoracic.org
ATS Office 212-315-8620 (until May 17)
Cell Phone 917-561-6545
Session: B98 OSA and Coronary Artery Disease: Are We Save-ing Lives?
Abstract Presentation Time: Monday, May 22, 3:15 p.m. ET
Location: Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Room 152A-B (Middle Bldg., Street Level)