Scientists at the BBSRC-funded Institute for Animal Health (IAH) are stepping up the battle against the devastating and economically damaging bluetongue virus. By combining ingenious ways to trap and monitor midges with cutting edge computer modelling and weather predictions the IAH team are gaining an understanding of how the insects spread the disease so that they can improve surveillance methods and advise farmers how and when to protect their animals.
The scientists are collecting data on midge numbers and biting behaviour from midge-hunting expeditions in southern England. They incorporate this with meteorological data from Met Office colleagues to develop complex mathematical models that can be used to establish under what weather conditions the midges are mostly likely to be flying around and when they are most likely to be giving disease-spreading bites to farm animals. This will allow the team, led by Dr Simon Carpenter, to advise farmers when it is safest to move susceptible animals and also examine how stabling of animals can be used where logistically possible to reduce the chance of infectious midge bites. They will also use this data to establish best practice for use of insecticides and timing of vaccination of animals against this economically important and difficult to control disease.
Lead researcher Dr Simon Carpenter said: "These experiments are vital – it's about knowing your enemy. Last year, in northern Europe, bluetongue cost over £95 million in direct losses alone. And while indirect losses in the UK last year were considerable, we have yet to experience the full effects of a BTV outbreak as has been seen on the continent. A major 2008 outbreak could bring huge hardship both to directly affected farmers and, if vaccination coverage is poor, to those living in neighbouring movement restriction zones. Hence it is vital that, firstly, as many farmers vaccinate their stock as possible and secondly, we collect basic data to understand how these outbreaks occur and what can be done to slow their progress. We have to think to ourselves: "when are the midges going to be active and what can we do to put a barrier between our livestock and these midges?" We will use our models to advise on best practice for measures such as stabling, insecticide use and vaccination, to control the spread of bluetongue virus."
The team has developed two methods to monitor the flying and biting behaviour of the Culicoides midge that spreads the disease, under particular weather conditions. The first uses a large net of known volume mounted on top of a 4x4 truck, which is driven through grazing land. By driving at a constant speed of 20mph over a known distance the scientists can precisely calculate the volume of air passing through the net and therefore calculate the number of Culicoides midges per cubic metre of air. All of the insects caught in the net are taken back to the lab to sort out the Culicoides midges from other insects, including different midge species.
The second method focuses on the biting rate of the midges and uses a large muslin tent, the walls of which are lowered around a penned grazing sheep after an exposure period of ten minutes. The scientists then enter the tented area and collect any midges that have landed on the walls and ceiling of the tent as well as examining the sheep for any further biting individuals. These midges can then be analysed in the lab to establish which species is carrying out the biting.
Dr Carpenter continued: "The benefit of these techniques is that, until very recently, midge surveillance relied upon the use of light traps that sometimes do not represent what is happing on animals particularly well. Using these two techniques we can more easily understand the relationship between weather conditions and both background midge activity and biting attacks, and also predict the level of risk at different times of the year. These models can then be used along with weather forecasting to advise farmers as to when Culicoides populations are most active and to develop best practice for controlling the spread of the midges and the virus itself.
"All of this work contributes to the aims for better knowledge about Culicoides that were set out in the European Food Safety Authority's 'Scientific Opinion on Bluetongue' published a couple of weeks ago."
Kevin Pearce, National Farmers Union, said: "Bluetongue is a terrible disease of ruminant livestock. Our farmers have worked hard to contain this virus in the infected areas of the south east and East Anglia through vaccination and vigilance but we know that we couldn't have achieved this without the effort and knowledge of the scientists at IAH. Bluetongue shares its transmission vector - the midge - with other exotic, but equally serious, diseases such as African Horse Sickness so any knowledge and understanding of the midges' behaviour and breeding patterns are welcome. We wish the experts at IAH success in their endeavours with this project."
Contact
BBSRC Media Office
Nancy Mendoza, e-mail: nancy.mendoza@bbsrc.ac.uk, tel: 01793 413 355
Matt Goode, e-mail: matt.goode@bbsrc.ac.uk, tel: 01793 413 299
Images and video
Images and a video of the scientists carrying out their experiments are available to accompany this story: http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/media/releases/2008/080807_midges.html
Notes to Editors
1) What is bluetongue?
- Bluetongue is a viral disease that can infect all ruminant animals, including sheep, cattle, deer and goats.
- Sheep are most likely to be severely affected by bluetongue and although cattle do not often show symptoms they are the most important harbour for the virus.
- Humans do not get bluetongue.
- The symptoms of bluetongue vary between species but it is generally characterised by a high fever, excessive salivation, nasal discharges, swelling of the head and neck and sometimes discolouration of the tongue.
- Although bluetongue does not always kill an animal, those that survive can suffer long-term effects such as sterility and reduced muscle mass (and therefore reduced meat production).
2) How is the virus transmitted?
- Bluetongue virus is transmitted by a small number of biting midge species, all of which belong to the genus Culicoides. When a vector midge bites an infected animal it takes the virus on board with it's blood meal, the virus infects and multiplies in the midge and may be transmitted to the next animal it bites.
- The virus is rarely transmitted directly between animals, though venereal transmission has been recorded and there is growing evidence to suggest that an infected mother may pass the virus across the placenta to her unborn offspring. Defra also does not rule out the possibility that the virus could be transmitted within or between flocks by unhygienic husbandry or veterinary practices.
3) History of bluetongue virus in the UK
- Bluetongue was first detected in the UK on 22 September 2007.
- Since the arrival of bluetongue virus in the UK Defra has used protection and surveillance zones to monitor and control the spread of the disease.
- There is currently a Protection Zone in place that covers all of the South and East of England as well as the Midlands and parts of North East England and South Wales. Animals can only be moved out of the Protection Zone if they are vaccinated, naturally immune or moving for slaughter, subject to meeting certain conditions.
4) How is the disease detected, treated, or controlled?
- Animals may be diagnosed following observation of typical symptoms by a vet but confirmation is always required by testing of a blood sample in the laboratory.
- Bluetongue is confirmed in an area once there is evidence that the virus is circulating between animals and midges within that area.
- There is no cure for bluetongue though palliative treatment (keeping the animal under cover, unstressed and providing soft food) can be beneficial.
- Because the virus is so rarely passed directly between animals there is usually no need to cull infected animals.
- There is a vaccine in use against the particular type of bluetongue virus that is circulating in the UK.
- Midge populations can be controlled to some extent using insecticides or by reducing the availability of breeding sites (e.g. standing water).
Sources/further information
Institute for Animal Health: http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/bluetongue/BTV.htm
Defra: www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/bluetongue/about/index.htm
About BBSRC
The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) is the UK funding agency for research in the life sciences. Sponsored by Government, BBSRC annually invests around £420 million in a wide range of research that makes a significant contribution to the quality of life for UK citizens and supports a number of important industrial stakeholders including the agriculture, food, chemical, healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors. http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk