image: This is a summary of treatment of an infant with hydrocephalus-related extreme macrocephaly. The uppermost image shows the infant with gross macrocephaly before surgery. The sutures are widely split and the infant needs a shoulder roll to support his head. There is evidence of Parinaud syndrome. The next image, moving clockwise, shows the result after placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt—a severely collapsed skull with overlapping sutures, dysmorphic appearance, and resolution of the Parinaud syndrome. The bottom right image shows an intraoperative vertex view of the reduction and fixation surgery, in which an absorbable plate was placed across the anterior fontanel. Both surgical procedures were performed during the child’s first week of life. The bottom left image shows the result 2 weeks after surgery, with a newly formed scar and an appearance approaching normalcy. The final image shows the child 14 months after surgery, with an excellent cosmetic outcome. view more
Credit: Copyright Devon Truong, 2012. Figure is from Manwaring JC, Truong D, Deukmedjian AR, Carey CM, Storrs BB, Rodriguez LF, Tetreault L, Tuite GF. Cranial reduction and fixation with a resorbable plate combined with cerebrospinal fluid shunting for difficult-to-manage macrocephaly related to hydrocephalus. <i>Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics</i>, published online, ahead of print, December 11, 2012; DOI: 10.3171/2012.10.PEDS12340.
Charlottesville, VA (December 11, 2012). Neurosurgeons at All Children's Hospital/Johns Hopkins Medicine (St. Petersburg, FL) and the University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (Tampa, FL) recently achieved excellent physical and aesthetic results in an infant born with extreme macrocephaly due to hydrocephalus. This was accomplished with routine implantation of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt followed by a new operation to stabilize and reduce the size of the baby's head. Both surgeries were performed during the infant's first week of life. The surgeons report that as far as they know, this is the first reported case of cranial fixation in such a young child with extreme hydrocephalus. Full details of the surgical procedures and their successful outcomes can be found in the article "Cranial reduction and fixation with a resorbable plate combined with cerebrospinal fluid shunting for difficult-to-manage macrocephaly related to hydrocephalus," by Jotham Manwaring, M.D., and colleagues, published today online, ahead of print, in the Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics.
In this article the authors report the case of an infant born with extreme macrocephaly. The baby's head measured 50 cm in circumference (more than the 99th percentile). His anterior fontanel bulged, and there was wide separation between the bones of all cranial sutures (see accompanying figure). Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of severe hydrocephalus.
When the infant was 2 days old, surgery was performed to implant a ventriculoperitoneal shunt with a programmable valve. The performance level of the valve was adjusted repeatedly over the next few days to balance drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Despite multiple shunt valve adjustments, a satisfactory balance could not be achieved to allow sufficient CSF drainage without creating a dysmorphic skull appearance. This often occurs in infants with congenital hydrocephalus and markedly enlarged skulls. The surgeons decided to perform a cranial reduction and stabilization procedure in an effort to improve the child's appearance, to facilitate his care, and to allow adequate CSF drainage without resulting in skull bone overlap.
Gerald Tuite, M.D., and Devon Truong, P.A.-C, the developers of the procedure, together with their colleagues began the operation by creating an incision just behind the anterior fontanel. The surgical team drained enough CSF from the ventricles to bring both frontal and parietal bones together, resulting in a far better shape of the infant's head. The team placed a resorbable plate across the entire anterior fontanel and affixed the parietal and frontal bones firmly in place. This prevented the development of unsightly overlaps, which commonly occur when a skull is disproportionately large compared to the size of the underlying brain. The procedure took 45 minutes and the infant tolerated it well. Immediately postoperatively, the shape of the infant's head was much improved and it was much easier to care for him. There was no longer the need for frequent repositioning or shunt valve adjustments to try to regulate head shape. Not only were the cranial bones held solidly in place, but the cranial volume was reduced by approximately 49%.
Follow-up examinations showed that as the child became older, his cranial bones grew over the anterior fontanel to meet at the sutures and the implanted plate was absorbed by the body. At 17 months, the infant displayed near-normal development (with a slight motor delay) and required no medication or additional surgery. The shunt is still in place and functioning well. The infant's appearance remains excellent.
The importance of this paper is the timing of the cranial reduction and stabilization procedure. It was accomplished shortly after shunt implantation, within the first week of life—much earlier than reported in other papers. The authors state that this early intervention was much less technically challenging than later reconstructions, which sometimes require more than one surgical procedure, can carry more risks, and may not achieve the aesthetic outcome desired. In this case, only one 45-minute reconstructive surgery was required. The authors also suggest that further modifications of their procedure could make it simpler and even possibly include shunt implantation during the same surgery.
Using the technique described in this paper, the authors state, "Early shunting combined with a limited cranial reduction and fixation procedure facilitated patient positioning, simplified management of hydrocephalus, and provided an excellent aesthetic outcome in an infant with extreme macrocephaly related to hydrocephalus."
Manwaring JC, Truong D, Deukmedjian AR, Carey CM, Storrs BB, Rodriguez LF, Tetreault L, Tuite GF. Cranial reduction and fixation with a resorbable plate combined with cerebrospinal fluid shunting for difficult-to-manage macrocephaly related to hydrocephalus. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, published online, ahead of print, December 11, 2012; DOI: 10.3171/2012.10.PEDS12340.
Disclosure: The authors report no potential conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.
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The Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics is a monthly peer-reviewed journal focused on diseases and disorders of the central nervous system and spine in children. This journal contains a variety of articles, including descriptions of preclinical and clinical research as well as case reports and technical notes. The Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics is one of four monthly journals published by the JNS Publishing Group, the scholarly journal division of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, an association dedicated to advancing the specialty of neurological surgery in order to promote the highest quality of patient care. The Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics appears in print and on the Internet.