image: This is Amir Toor, M.D. view more
Credit: Virginia Commonwealth University
Scientists at Virginia Commonwealth University have developed computer models that can simulate the recovery of the immune system in patients undergoing stem cell transplants. In two recent studies, they reinforce the potential of using DNA sequencing and computer modeling to predict which stem cell transplant recipients might suffer complications such as graft-versus-host-disease, a condition where the donor's immune system attacks the recipient's body. The studies build upon prior research by scientists at VCU Massey Cancer Center, the VCU Center for the Study of Biological Complexity and VCU's Department of Psychiatry and Statistical Genomics that found evidence that the immune system may be modeled as a dynamical system.
Dynamical systems describe phenomenon in which the relationships between the variables in the system determine its future state. Some systems, such as a swinging pendulum on a clock, can have relatively few variables, making their future states fairly easy to predict. Other systems, such as the weather, require advanced forecasting models due to the large number of variables affecting their present and future conditions. The ability to "forecast" immune system recovery could potentially allow doctors to better personalize post-transplant care for improved patient outcomes.
The first study, published in the journal Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, sequenced the DNA of 34 stem cell transplant donor-recipient pairs and used the resulting information in an advanced computer model to simulate how the recipient's T cell repertoire will recover following transplantation. The T cell repertoire is the army of immune system cells called T cells that a person develops in response to disease and other pathogens in their environment.
"This study is the first to simulate the growth of the T cell repertoire following transplantation using variables that aren't accounted for in typical HLA donor-recipient matching," says Amir Ahmed Toor, M.D., hematologist-oncologist in the Bone Marrow Transplantation Program and member of the Developmental Therapeutics research program at VCU Massey Cancer Center as well as associate professor in the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care at the VCU School of Medicine. "Using a larger cohort of patients than in previous studies, we were able to mathematically predict the interactions of these variables, which led to simulations that appear to be very similar to clinically observed post-transplantation T cell repertoire development."
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) testing is the current gold standard for matching stem cell transplant (SCT) donors and recipients. The HLA is a system of genes responsible for regulating immune responses. However, previous research by Toor and his colleagues uncovered large variations between donor-recipient minor histocompatibility antigens (mHA) that could potentially contribute to transplant complications not accounted for by HLA testing. mHA are protein fragments presented on the surface of the molecules that the HLA creates in order to regulate immune responses.
The models used in the computer simulations were driven by population growth formulas developed from past studies by Toor that discovered distinct patterns of lymphocyte recovery in SCT recipients. Using matrix mathematics to develop the simulations, the researchers also observed competition among T cells as the T cell repertoire develops. This competition leads to certain families of T cells becoming dominant and more numerous, which crowds out weaker T cell families, causing them to develop later and in fewer numbers.
"We are attempting to account for the many variables that could impact T cell repertoire development and, in turn, patient outcomes," says Toor. "In future studies, we hope to explore the impact of organ-specific antigen expression. The knowledge gained from this research could potentially allow more accurate predictions of which organs could be most affected by graft-versus-host-disease."
The second study, published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, examines the ordering of the DNA segments that make up the T cell receptor loci, which are the part of the genome responsible for assembling the T cell repertoire. In this study, he provides further evidence of an underlying mathematical order and presents trigonometric ratios describing the positioning of the DNA segments.
Toor also hypothesizes that interactions between the two strands in the DNA double helix may influence gene segment order based on wave-mechanical properties inherent to the structure of DNA. If true, this theory has implications for understanding the entire genome as it could allow scientists to quantify gene expression.
"Typically, the locations of gene segments are considered as if they were numbers on a straight line," says Toor. "This study is unique in that we have used trigonometry to account for the spiral nature of DNA."
Toor's research is an exciting marriage of nature, math and science applied for human health. If successful, it could lead not only to improved stem cell transplantation practices but also a much greater understanding of how our body assembles the building blocks needed to keep us alive.
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The Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation study was supported by a Commonwealth Health Research Board Grant. Toor's collaborator Michael Neale, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the VCU School of Medicine, is the primary investigator on the grant and provided project oversight and leadership. Other members of the team include Gregory A. Buck, Ph.D., a Massey research member, director of the Center for the Study of Biological Complexity at VCU Life Sciences and professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the VCU School of Medicine, who supervised gene sequencing and the bioinformatics component of the research carried out by Myrna G. Serrano, Ph.D., and Nihar U. Sheth, M.S., both from the Center for Biological Complexity at VCU Life Sciences, as well as Vishal N. Koparde, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher at the VCU Institute for Structural Biology. The mathematical model was developed by Toor in collaboration with Badar Abdul Razzaq, B.S., Salman Salman and Musa Mahmood, all students at the VCU School of Engineering, while Allison F. Scalora, from Massey's Bone Marrow Transplant Program, performed the data analysis. Max Jameson-Lee, Ph.D., from the Department of Internal Medicine at the VCU School of Medicine, developed the computational technique of obtaining peptide sequences bound to the HLA molecules, and David Kobulnicky, M.D., resident in the VCU Department of Internal Medicine, collected and analyzed the clinical data on the patient studies.
Toor also collaborated on these studies with Masoud H. Manjili, D.V.M., Ph.D., member of the Cancer Cell Signaling research program at Massey and associate professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the VCU School of Medicine; Catherine Roberts Ph.D., from Massey's Clinical Trials Office; Mohamed Rahmani, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at the VCU School of Medicine; Andrea Ferreira-Gonzalez, chair of the Division of Molecular Diagnostics in the Department of Pathology at the VCU School of Medicine and director of the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory at VCU Health; Mark Voelkner, medical technician in the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory at VCU Health; and VCU students Jeremy Meier B.S., and Abdullah Toor.
The researchers received funding from Genzyme for the Journal of the Royal Society Interface study. These studies were also funded by a VCU Massey Cancer Center pilot project grant, and, in part, by Massey's NIH-NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA016059.
The full manuscript for the Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation study is available at: http://www.bbmt.org/article/S1083-8791(15)01860-1/fulltext.
The full manuscript for the Journal of the Royal Society Interface study is available at: http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/13/114/20150911.
About VCU Massey Cancer Center
VCU Massey Cancer Center is one of only 69 National Cancer Institute-designated institutions in the country that leads and shapes America's cancer research efforts. Working with all kinds of cancers, Massey conducts basic science, translational and clinical cancer research, provides state-of-the-art treatments and clinical trials, and promotes cancer prevention and education. Since 1974, Massey has served as an internationally recognized center of excellence. It offers one of the largest selections of cancer clinical trials in Virginia and serves patients at multiple sites throughout the state. Its 1,000-plus researchers, clinicians and staff members are dedicated to improving the quality of human life by developing and delivering effective means to prevent, control and ultimately cure cancer. Visit Massey online at massey.vcu.edu or call 877-4-MASSEY for more information.
Journal
Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation