image: The UW team exposed bacteria expressing an antibiotic resistance gene to UV light to see how rapidly the gene would be damaged. view more
Credit: Mark Stone/University of Washington
Each year at least 2 million Americans are infected with bacteria that cannot be treated with antibiotics, and at least 23,000 of these people die, according to the Centers for Disease Control.
These bacteria can end up in our water, which is why we use disinfectants to kill or stop them from growing to treat both waste and drinking water.
But so far few researchers have looked at whether these treatments are effective in removing the genes that encode for the traits that make these bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Some researchers are concerned that, even after treatment, non-resistant bacteria could still become resistant by picking up intact genes left over from damaged antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Although it's not clear if this is currently happening, researchers want to be prepared for this scenario. So a team at the University of Washington tested how well current water and wastewater disinfection methods affect antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial DNA. While these methods work well to deter bacterial growth, they had varied success in either degrading or deactivating a representative antibiotic resistance gene.
The researchers recently published their results in the journal Environmental Science & Technology and are developing a model for proper treatment of any antibiotic resistance gene.
"DNA is not in itself particularly toxic or harmful. But it's important to consider its fate once it's in the environment because it can potentially spread undesirable traits into bacterial communities," said corresponding author Michael Dodd, an associate professor in the UW's civil and environmental engineering department. "We have been finding more and more medically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in the environment.
"The recognition that these genes are present in the environment isn't new -- other groups have already provided a great deal of information on their behavior as environmental contaminants. What's unique about our work is that we're focusing on really unraveling and characterizing how a variety of disinfection processes influence the fate of such genes, so we can better understand how these different treatments affect antibiotic resistant bacteria and their DNA in our water."
Current water treatment plants use a variety of disinfecting methods. Most involve exposing water to UV light or to chlorine- or oxygen-containing compounds, such as chlorine by itself or ozone.
To determine how these methods affect both bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes, Dodd and his team used a model system: a harmless soil bacterium called Bacillus subtilis. The team worked with a strain of B. subtilis that overproduced a gene, called blt, which makes a protein that lets B. subtilis pump antibiotics out -- making the bacterium resistant to a variety of common antibiotics.
The researchers exposed the bacteria to different disinfectant methods and then monitored two things: how well treated bacteria grew when exposed to antibiotics and whether the gene inside the bacteria was damaged.
"As we expected, all of the treatments we looked at were successful in disrupting bacterial viability," said first author Huan He, a UW civil and environmental engineering doctoral student. "But we saw mixed results for DNA damage."
At typical exposures used for water treatment, three methods showed greater than 90% degradation or deactivation of the gene: UV light, ozone and chlorine. The team determined that these three methods are largely successful in preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance by both deactivating the bacteria and damaging the resistance gene.
But two other disinfectants called chlorine dioxide and monochloramine showed barely any damage to the gene.
"We found that these two methods degrade DNA so slowly that almost nothing has happened during the amount of time water is exposed under typical treatment conditions," said He. "In fact, we found that DNA from bacteria treated with chlorine dioxide and monochloramine retains the ability to transfer antibiotic resistance traits to non-resistant bacteria long after the original bacteria are killed."
Currently the team knows how quickly these disinfectant methods affect the gene used in the study. Now the researchers are developing a model that would allow them to estimate how quickly any gene would be damaged.
"If we can predict how effectively each disinfectant method would deactivate or degrade a specific gene, then we can better evaluate effective treatment strategies for degrading any antibiotic resistance gene that presents a concern," Dodd said. "Disinfection processes are very important tools for preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance. We're trying to better understand them so we can more effectively design and operate them in the future."
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Other co-authors are Peiran Zhou and Shu Li at the UW; Kyle Shimabuku at Corona Environmental Consulting who completed this research while at the UW; Xuzhi Fang at Stanford University who completed this research while at the UW; and Yunho Lee at the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea.
This research was funded by the National Science Foundation.
For more information, contact Dodd at doddm@uw.edu.
Grant number: CBET-1254929
Journal
Environmental Science & Technology