image: The plot shows the aggregate number of susceptible, infected and recovered individuals in the network as a function of time. In each case the nodes represent locations; the grey nodes are homes and the black nodes are work locations. Hospitals are represented by blue nodes. Individuals are represented by links between a home and a work location. The color of these links represents their infection state: Yellow links represent susceptible individuals, while red links represent the infected across the infected compartments and green links represent the recovered. view more
Credit: Philip Cherian, Sandeep Krishna and Gautam Menon, 2021, PLOS Computational Biology
A computational analysis of COVID-19 tests suggests that, in order to minimize the number of infections in a population, the amount of testing matters more than the sensitivity of the tests that are used. Philip Cherian and Gautam Menon of Ashoka University in Sonipat, India, and Sandeep Krishna of the National Centre for Biological Sciences TIFR, Bangalore, India, present their findings in the open-access journal PLOS Computational Biology.
Different states in India use different mixes of two main tests for COVID-19: a very sensitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) test and a less sensitive rapid antigen test. Traditional thinking holds that an all-RT-PCR approach will ultimately lead to fewer overall infections. While RT-PCR tests are more sensitive than rapid antigen tests, they are more expensive and do not provide results immediately. Therefore, the precise mix of tests needed to optimize outcomes while accounting for cost constraints has been unclear.
Cherian and colleagues used computational models to conduct simulations of how COVID-19 spreads among a population, given different combinations of tests and the economic tradeoffs between them. Accounting for the movement of people between different locations, they calculated the total number of infections that would occur by the end of a pandemic under each scenario.
The analysis suggests that using only rapid antigen tests could achieve similar outcomes, in terms of total infections, as using only RT-PCR tests--as long as the number of people tested is high enough. This suggests that governments in lower and middle-income countries might be able to achieve optimal outcomes by concentrating on ramping up testing using less sensitive tests which provide immediate results, rather than favoring RT-PCR.
The authors also note that governments should continue to explore different mixes of tests that will yield the biggest reduction in the number of cases. Given that the costs of testing are falling, this mix could also be recalibrated regularly to monitor what makes the most economic sense.
"Tests are continually improving, and the tradeoffs are in favor of rapid testing, even if it is less sensitive," Menon says. "Modeling the effects of using different combinations of tests, keeping in mind their relative costs, can suggest specific policy changes that will have a substantial effect on changing the trajectory of the epidemic."
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Peer-reviewed; Simulation / modelling
In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS Computational Biology: https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009126
Citation:
Cherian P, Krishna S, Menon GI (2021) Optimizing testing for COVID-19 in India. PLoS Comput Biol 17(7): e1009126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009126
Funding:
GIM acknowledges support of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Grant No: R/BMG/PHY/GMN/20, while PC acknowledges support from Ashoka University. SK acknowledges support of the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, under Project Identification No. RTI 4006, and of the Simons Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Journal
PLOS Computational Biology