image: Scientists at USC and Caltech have found a way to speed up the reaction by which carbon is neutralized in our oceans. view more
Credit: Adam Subhas/Caltech
Scientists at USC and Caltech have accelerated a normally slow, natural chemical reaction, by a factor of 500, which could store and neutralize carbon in the deepest recesses of the ocean without harming coral or other organisms.
For the first time ever, the USC-Caltech team was able to measure very precisely the reaction rate of calcite, a form of calcium carbonate, as it dissolved in seawater enhanced by a common enzyme, carbonic anhydrase.
Carbonic anhydrase is the same enzyme that maintains the acid-base balance in the blood and tissue of humans and other animals.
"There's a chemical reaction involving calcium carbonate and carbonic acid we know about, but people studying it before had kind of dismissed it," said William Berelson, a senior author and geochemist at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. "This carbonate material that's all over the ocean floor has been neutralizing ocean CO2 for billions of years. Yet the uncatalyzed reaction is quite slow. Remarkably, nobody has quite understood how to speed up this process. Now, we're beginning to figure it out."
It was Berelson's lab that provided the isotopic measurements crucial to understanding these dissolution rates.
"This reaction has been overlooked," said lead author Adam Subhas, lead author and a graduate researcher at Caltech. "The slow step is making and breaking CO bonds to go from CO2 to CO3. They don't like to break; they're stable forms. This is very slow, and nature has figured it out, so it has created an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase to speed it up."
The findings were published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
An antacid for the ocean
Calcium carbonate exists all over the planet's oceans, from coral reefs on the surface to the shells of dead organisms like plankton that are buried deep below. There is roughly 50 times as much greenhouse gas in the ocean as the atmosphere, which is also responsible for creating ocean acidification.
However, when acidified surface waters make their way to deeper parts of the ocean, they react with the dead calcium carbonate shells on the sea floor that neutralize the added carbon dioxide.
This is part of the natural buffering process that allows the ocean to hold such a large amount of carbon dioxide safely, at least in those parts where acidification isn't touching and eroding structures like coral reefs.
"The dissolution of calcium carbonate in the ocean is what we call in chemistry a buffer. It's very much like when you take an antacid for an upset stomach because it is neutralizing the acid in your tummy," said Berelson.
Now, thanks to the Caltech and USC teams, this process to safely convert CO2 to bicarbonate that would normally take tens of thousands years can be replicated in a fraction of the time.
"It isn't lost on us that this may hold some really important role, sooner or later, in helping mitigate atmospheric CO2," said Berelson.
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The paper appearing online this week is titled "Catalysis and Chemical Mechanisms of Calcite Dissolution in Seawater." Co-authors include Caltech geochemistry professor Jess Adkins, Caltech graduate researcher John Naviaux, USC Berelson lab specialist Nick Rollins; and Jonathan Erez of Hebrew University of Jerusalem. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation, the Resnick Sustainability Institute at Caltech, the Rothenberg Innovation Initiative (RI2), and the Linde Center for Global Environmental Science.
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences