image: Photo of the model parasitic plant, <i>Phtheirospermum japonicum</i> (left), and its haustorium (right). P: parasitic plant, H: host plant. The right lower photo shows xylem connection between a host and a parasite. Bar = 200 μm. view more
Credit: Satoko Yoshida
Nara, Japan - Mutants that reveal the secrets of how plants attack? No, it's not a scene from a science fiction movie, but you could be forgiven for thinking that. Instead, it's a scene from real life:
Researchers at Nara Institute of Science and Technology in Japan report in a new study in Science Advances that parasitic plants use the plant hormone ethylene as a signal to invade the roots of host plants.
To develop a successful parasitic relationship, parasitic plants form a specialized structure, the haustorium which attaches to and invades the host plant. The formation of haustoria is regulated by signal molecules derived from the host plant and allows the parasitic plant to absorb water, nutrients, and small materials from the host plant.
"To understand the genetic programs for haustorium development, we identified mutants that displayed haustorial defects on host invasion," says lead author of the study Songkui Cui. "Genome sequencing showed that these mutants have defective ethylene signaling, and it turned out that ethylene signaling genes are crucial for the parasitic plant to infect its host plant."
Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that is involved in fruit ripening, aging of leaves, and the formation of root nodules. Ethylene is also widely involved in plant interactions with viruses and numerous organisms, such as insects and bacteria, lending either resistance or susceptibility to plants depending on the types of pathogens.
"Our results indicate that ethylene mediates host recognition in parasitic plants for host invasion," explains project leader Satoko Yoshida. "This is the first time that the mediation of host invasion by parasitic plant genes has been identified via forward genetics. Our findings offer a new understanding of how a parasitic plant uses the ethylene molecule to tweak haustorium development and host invasion."
Forward genetics is used to identify genes, or sets of genes, that produce a particular characteristic in an organism. The model species used in this study is from a family of parasitic plants that includes destructive weeds. But the molecular basis for their parasitism has been largely unexplored until now.
"Our results suggest that parasitic plants have taken over ethylene signaling for parasitism at multiple stages of their life cycle, such as germination, haustorium growth termination, and host invasion. This knowledge could provide new ways to use ethylene and ethylene inhibitors to control a broader range of parasitic weeds, including those that don't rely entirely on hosts to complete their life cycle, by manipulating haustorial function," says Cui.
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Resource
Title: Ethylene signaling mediates host invasion by parasitic plants
Authors: Songkui Cui, Tomoya Kubota, Tomoaki Nishiyama, Juliane K. Ishida, Shuji Shigenobu, Tomoko F. Shibata, Atsushi Toyoda, Mitsuyasu Hasebe, Ken Shirasu & Satoko Yoshida
Journal: Science Advances
Information about Prof. Yoshida lab can be found at the following website:
https://bsw3.naist.jp/yoshida/index-en.html
Journal
Science Advances